Infection and response

Question 1

What are pathogens?

Answer 1

Micro organisms to enter the body and cause disease

Question 2

What are the four types of pathogens?

Answer 2

Bacteria, viruses, protists or fungi.

Question 3

How does bacteria make you feel ill?

Answer 3

By producing toxins damage your cells and tissues

Question 4

Are viruses cells?

Answer 4

No. They are much smaller.

Question 5

How do viruses spread in your body?

Answer 5

They live inside your cells and replicate themselves using the cells machinery to make copies of themselves. The cell will usually then burst releasing all the new viruses.

Question 6

What are protists?

Answer 6

Single celled eukaryotes. Some protists are parasites.

Question 7

What is fungi made up of?

Answer 7

some fungi are single celled. Others have a body which is made up from hyphae, these can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants. They can produce spores which can be spread to others.

Question 8

What are the different ways pathogens can be spread?

Answer 8

Through water, a, or direct contact.

Question 9

What is an example of a bacterial infection caused by water?

Answer 9

Cholera

Question 10

Give an example of a pathogen can be carried in the air and then breathed in?

Answer 10

the influenza virus.

Question 11

give an example of a pathogen that can be picked up by touching contaminated surfaces.

Answer 11

Athletes foot is a fungus is most commonly spread by touching the same things as an infected person.

Question 12

What do measles, HIV and TMV have in common?

Answer 12

They are all viral diseases

Question 13

What are some symptoms of measles?

Answer 13

A red rash and signs of fever

Question 14

How is measles spread?

Answer 14

droplets from an infected person sneeze or cough.

Question 15

How is HIV spread?

Answer 15

sexual contact or by exchanging bodily fluids such as blood .

Question 16

What does HIV do to you?

Answer 16

Attacks the immune cells

Question 17

What does TMV do to plants?

Answer 17

it causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plants, pots of the leaves become discoloured. This means the plant can’t carry out photosynthesis as well.

Question 18

What does rose black spot do to plants?

Answer 18

It’s a fungus that causes purple or black spots develop on the leaves of rose plants. It makes them go yellow and it means less photosynthesis can happen.

Question 19

What kind of pathogen causes malaria?

Answer 19

Protists.

Question 20

How is malaria spread?

Answer 20

mosquitoes of vectors. They pick up the malarial protist when they feed on infected animals, then they infect other animals by feeding on them.

Question 21

What is salmonella?

Answer 21

A type of bacteria that causes food poisoning. Infected people can suffer from fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea. The symptoms of course by the toxins that the bacteria produce.

Question 22

What is gonorrhoea?

Answer 22

sexually transmitted disease. It’s passed on by sexual contact and is caused by bacteria. Symptoms of pain when you urinate, thick yellow or green discharge. You can use antibiotics to prevent the spread.

Question 23

What are some ways to prevent disease spread?

Answer 23

Being hygienic, destroying vectors, isolating infected individuals, and vaccination.

Question 24

Name some bodily defence systems?

Answer 24

Skin acts as a barrier to pathogens, hair and mucus in your nose trapped particles that contain pathogens, the trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens and are also lined with cilia (hair like structures that waft the mucus back up to the throat), and the stomach produces hydrochloric acid kills pathogens.

Question 25

what are the three ways white blood cells attack Microbes?

Answer 25

by consuming them (phagocytosis), producing antibodies that lock onto the invading cells so they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells, or producing antitoxins.

Question 26

What are vaccinations?

Answer 26

injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens. They carry Antigens, which cause your body to produce pathogens to attack them.

Question 27

What are the pros the vaccination?

Answer 27

Vaccinations have helps control lots of communicable diseases, they also help with epidemics.

Question 28

What are the cons of vaccination?

Answer 28

vaccines don’t always work, sometimes they don’t give you immunity. You can sometimes have a bad reaction to a vaccine. (E.g. swelling or maybe a seizure or fever )

Question 29

What is the difference between antibiotics and painkillers?

Answer 29

Antibiotics aim to kill the bacteria causing a problem, however painkillers are drugs that relieve pain and just helped reduce symptoms.

Question 30

How does bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 30

Bacteria can mutate. This means that only the non-resistant strains of bacteria will be killed and the resistant ones point.

Question 31

How do doctors try and avoid bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 31

To slow down the rate of development for resistance trans-it’s important to the doctors avoid over prescribing antibiotics, so you won’t get them for things like a sore throat. It’s also important to finish the whole course of antibiotics.

Question 32

Name some drugs that come from plants.

Answer 32

Aspirin is a painkiller but was developed from a chemical found in Willow. Digitalis used to treat heart conditions, it was developed from a chemical found in foxgloves.

Question 33

What was penicillin discovered from?

Answer 33

a mould called penicillium notatum.

Question 34

What are the three main stages of drug testing?

Answer 34

In preclinical testing, drugs are tested on human cells and tissues.
and next, drugs are tested on live animals.
And if the dog passes the test on animals then it’s tested on human volunteers in clinical trials.

Question 35

What is the process of testing drugs and human volunteers in clinical trials?

Answer 35

first the drugs tested on healthy volunteers. Then if it works then it’s JessyJ from people suffering from the illness. The optimum dose is found, this is the date of the drug most effective. To test how old the drug works will split patients into two groups, one is given the new drug, the other is given a placebo. This is the doctors can see the actual difference the drug makes. Drug trials are then put through peer reviews, this helps prevent false claims.