INFECTION AND RESPONSE Flashcards
a pathogen is
health is-
poor health can be caused by pathogens or….x3
pathogens may be….
pathogens can be spread by x3
a microorganisms that cause infectious disease- spreads communicable disease
state of mental + physical wellbeing
-poor diet, stress, life situation
virus
bacteria
protists
fungi
-direct contact-eg hiv
-water- drinking/ bathing it
eg cholera spread by drinking water contaminated with sewage of sufferer-
-air-carried in air, in water droplets- then breathed in eg influenza
bacteria make u feel ill by… x3
-difference btwn bacteria and virus
how do viruses cause illness x4
reproduce rapidly
producing toxins
that damage tissues
-virus X reproduce by themselves- only reproduce in host cell
-virus much smaller than bacteria (1/100th the size)
-invade host cell
-reproduce rapidly inside host cell using cells machinery
-many viruses in cell-when virus leaves cell- cell bursts- releasing the viruses- the cell dies
-cell damage causes illness
are protists eukaryotes/prokaryotes
-what is a parasite
eukaryotes + most are unicellular
-protist that lives on/in organism - causing damage. normally transferred by a vector which doesn’t get the disease.
some multicellular fungi are made of hyphae- what does these thread like structures do-
hyphae penetrate human skin + plant surface- cause disease
how can humans prevent spread of pathogens x6
-basic hygiene- wash hands(eg prepping food)
-provide clean drinking water-eg chlorine in uk water kill microbes
-reduce direct contact btwn individuals- eg condom
-isolate patients with communicable disease
-vaccination- in uk poultry vaccinated against salmonella
-destroy vectors- insecticides/ destroy habitat
explain the interaction of diseases x4
-ppl w/ a disease eg hiv more likely to get an infectious disease
hiv causes defective immune system
-one disease can be the cause of another-
eg hpv common but can cause cerbvical cancer in some ppl
-some diseases can be triggered by immune system- body infected with pathogen- immune system fights it but triggers an allergy
-physical illness can lead to mental illness eg depression
2 viral diseases in humans
-can antibiotics kill viruses
measles
hiv
-no (Viruses don’t have cell walls that can be attacked by antibiotics-surrounded by protective protein coat)
MEASLES
-symptoms
-how is it spread
-is measles serious
-are ppl vaccinated- if so when
-what can measles lead to- x2
-fever then also red skin rash
-by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs of infected person
-yes, can be fatal if complications arise
-most vaccinated when young bcse its serious illness
-inflammation of the brain
-pneumonia- lung infection
HIV
-symptoms
-how is it spread
-How can it be controlled
-what does HIV do if not controlled
-what is late stage HIV
-another name for late stage HIV
-whats dangerous about late stage HIV
-flu like illness- goes after few weeks
-sexual contact-unprotected/ exchange of body fluids eg HIV infected blood, when druggies share needles
-antiretroviral drugs which stop virus replicating
-attacks immune system
-immune system severely damaged so white blood cells can no longer destroy pathogen- cannot fight infections others easily can or cancers
-AIDS
-can easily contract infections (like tb) and may develop cancer
-pros of antiretroviral drugs x2
-con
-stop virus multiplying so immune system isn’t damaged
-don’t develop aids- live normal life expectancy
-not a cure- must always be taken
2 bacterial diseases
-are these communicable or non
salmonella
ghonorrea
-communicable
SALMONELLA
-what is salmonella
-how is it spread x2
-give an example
-what do the salmonella bacteria do
-symptoms x4
what is done to prevent spread of salmonella in uk
-food poisoning
-ingesting food contaminated w/ salmonella bacteria
-or on food (that got contaminated when) prepared in un-hygenic conditions
-same chopping board for raw chicken and other food w/out cleaning it
-secrete toxins that cause symptoms
-fever
-abdominal cramps
-vomiting
-diarrhoea
-poultry are vaccinated against salmonella (so we don’t eat infected chicken)
GONORRHOEA
-what type of disease is this
-how is it spread
-symptoms x2
-how was it treated-y not now
-How can spread be controlledx2
STD
-sexual contact
-thick yellow discharge from vagina/penis
-pain on urinating
-EASILY treated w/ antibiotic PENICILLIN - many resistant strains appeared
- treatment w/ antibiotics
ppl who do unprotected sex tested and treated w/ antibiotics to kill it
-use barrier method of contraception
MALARIA
-what pathogen causes malaria
-is it communicable
-is it serious
-what does it cause
-describe how malaria’s spread-4 steps
-why is the mosquito a vector
-how to control spread of malaria x3
.
-protists
-yes
-yes- can be fatal
-recurrent episodes of fever
*mosquito(the vector) bites infected person
*malaria pathogen passes into mosquito
*mosquito bites another person
*passes pathogen-protist into their blood vessels
-carries pathogen from person to person
-prevent mosquitos-vectors- breeding
They breed in still water eg ponds- drain still water
-mosquito nets to avoid being bitten( can also spray net w/ insecticides)
-spray insecticides at areas of still water
Job of non specific defence system
non specific defence systems- x4
-prevent pathogens entering
skin
nose
trachea+bronchi
stomach
how does skin protect against pathogensx4
skin-
-protective layer
-produce sebum(antimicrobial substance) kills bacteria
-outer layer has dead cells- hard for pathogens to penetrate
-when skins damaged- scabs over
how do: protect against pathogens
Nose
Lungs x2
-nose- hairs and mucus trap pathogens/(particles that contain pathogens) before they enter respiratory system
*if pathogens make it past nose to lungs
-trachea+ bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens
-trachea and bronchi lined w/ tiny cillia- waft mucus towards throat to be swallowed into stomach
how does stomach protect against pathogens
-contains hydrochloric acid- kills pathogens bfore they go into digestive system
2 main things the immune system does
- 3 functions of white blood cells
-destroys pathogens+ toxins they produce
-protects if same pathogen invades again
-phagocytosis
-antibody production
-antitoxin production
phagocytosis process x3
-wbc phagocyte detects chemicals released by pathogen
- moves to pathogen+ binds to them, engulfs pathogen
- pathogen is destroyed using enzymes
(harmless broken down product leaves phagocyte)
what are antibodies
- describe how antibodies are produced- what happens
x3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
why will 1 type of antibody not protect against all pathogens
why are antibodies useful in longrun-
-
-protien molecules produced by wbc
-stick to pathogen
-evry pathogen has unique antigens on surface
-when wbc comes across foreign antigen- produce antibodies
-antibodies lock onto pathogens so they can be found and destroyed by other wbc
(-antibodies rapidly produced + carried around body to find all similar bacteria/viruses)
-antibodies are specific to that type of antigen- 1 lymphocyte will only produce antibody against a specific pathogen
-remain in blood for long time- protect if we get infected w/ same pathogen
body can make them again rapidly
what do antitoxins do
bind to toxin molecules produced by invading bacteria and prevent them from damaging cells- counteract toxins
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
-is it rare or widespread
-what species of plant does it affect
-what does tmv cause
-what is the effect of this
-widespread
-many species incl. tomatoes
-distinct mosaic pattern of discoloration on leaves
-rate of photosynthesis reduced so growth of plant is reduced