Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the types of pathogen?

A

Bacteria
Protists
Virus
Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are infectious diseases spread?

A

Direct contact
Water
Air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

By a vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can the spread of disease be reduced?

A

Contact - washing hands
Water and food - sterilisation, boiling water
Air - tissue, ventilation
Vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain why sneezing into an arm can reduce the spread of a disease.

A

It reduces spread by droplets in the air because they are caught in the arm.
It reduces spread by direct contact from hands that may be used to touch surfaces and infect others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the structure of a virus.

A

Genetic material enclosed in a protein coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Fever, red skin rash.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is measles spread?

A

In droplets when an infected person sneezes or coughs. It can be prevented through vaccination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can HIV be treated?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What dues HIV do/lead to?

A

It destroys the body’s immune cells and if untreated causes AIDS. This occurs when the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged that it can no longer defend against infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Sexual contact, exchange of body fluids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is TMV?

A

A plant pathogen that causes yellow ‘mosaic’ patches and stunted growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is TMV spread and how can it be treated?

A

Mechanical transmission - touch through workers hands. What’s hung hands after touching infected plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why do plants with TMV have stunted growth?

A

The cells have less chlorophyll in the yellow patches so photosynthesis is reduced. There is less glucose produced. Glucose is needed to provide energy for growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why can viral diseases be difficult to treat?

A

Viruses live inside cells, so it may be difficult to destroy them without damaging the patients own cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do bacteria harm the body?

A

They infect the body/invade body cells and divide by binary fission. They also produce toxins that cause damage to body cells and illness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

A sexually transmitted disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea and how is it treated/prevented?

A

Thick green discharge from the Varuna or penis and pain in urinating. It is treated with the antibiotic penicillin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is salmonella?

A

A common cause of food poisoning caused by bacteria when food has been prepared unhygienically.

22
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea. They result from the bacteria invading tissues and secreting damaging toxins.

23
Q

Explain how the spread of salmonella can be reduced. (5)

A
  • Wash hands after handling raw meat
  • Disinfect surfaces
  • Cook food thoroughly
  • Use different chopping boards for different food
  • To prevent growth of salmonella on food, store it in a fridge.
24
Q

What are fungi?

A

Eukaryotes that reproduce using microscopic spores.

25
Q

What is rose black spot?

A

A fungal disease that affects roses.

26
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

Through water and wind which can carry the reproductive spores to nearby plants.

27
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot and how is it treated?

A

Purple or black spots on plants.
Fungicides and removing or destroying the affected leaves.

28
Q

What is malaria?

A

An infection caused by a single-called protist called Plasmodium.

29
Q

Describe how malaria is spread.

A

When a mosquito is infected it infects a person when they are bitten.

30
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Repeated episodes of fever
High temperature
Headache

31
Q

How is the spread of malaria controlled?

A

Draining water from small ponds because mosquitos lay their eggs in stagnant water so prevent them from breeding.
Mosquito nets as they are most active in the night.

32
Q

What is a disease vector?

A

An organism that carries and spreads a disease.

33
Q

What is a non-specific human defence system?

A

They stop all pathogens even if they have not been met before.

34
Q

What are four different non-specific human defence systems?

A
  • Skin - forms a barrier and glands secrete substances that have antimicrobial properties which can kill pathogens.
  • Stomach - cells of stomach wall produce hydrochloric acid, acid in stomach kills pathogens in food.
  • Trachea and bronchi have cells that produce a sticky mucus which traps pathogens. Cilia in the bronchi sweep the mucus and pathogens to the throat to be swallowed.
  • Nose passages are lined with hairs that trap pathogens.
35
Q

What are the differences between cilia and nose hairs?

A

Nose hairs are much larger and not part of a cell. Cilia are microscopic parts of a cell.
Cilia actively move to waft mucus along and nose hairs do not move in this way.

36
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

Ton destroy pathogens inside the body and defend against disease. It relies on the actions of different types of white blood cell including phagocytes and lymphocytes.

37
Q

Describe what happens in phagocytosis.

A
  • Pathogens invade the body
  • The phagocyte cell finds the pathogens and engulfs them by surrounding it with the cell membrane and taking it into the cytoplasm
  • The phagocyte ingests the pathogens and breaks them down with enzymes
  • The pathogens have been destroyed
38
Q

Describe how lymphocytes defend against pathogens.

A
  • Antigens are proteins on the surface of the pathogen
  • The lymphocytes can detect to the antigens and produce antibodies
  • The antibodies then bind onto the antigens
  • This causes the pathogens to clump together so that the phagocytes can digest them
  • Lymphocytes may also produce antitoxins that neutralise the toxins made by the pathogen
  • After the infection some of these lymphocytes stay in the body as memory cells
39
Q

Why is there a delay before antibodies can destroy the pathogen?

A

Lymphocytes that can make the correct antibody are selected and respond by dividing rapidly.
It takes time for enough antibody to be released into the blood stream.

40
Q

Why are antibodies for the measles virus not effective against chickenpox?

A

Antibodies have a specific shape that will only bind to one type of antigen/pathogen.

41
Q

How do vaccines provide immunity?

A
  1. Traditional vaccines introduce a small amount of a dead or inactive form of a pathogen into the body.
  2. mRNA vaccines give instructions to cells to make a protein antigen found on the pathogen
  3. This stimulates lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies
  4. Memory cells remain in the body
  5. When the person is exposed to the same pathogen the white blood cells can rapidly produce large amounts of the correct antibody so the person is not ill.
42
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a large percentage of the population is vaccinated or immune from infection so it is difficult for the disease to spread.

43
Q

Describe what happens in herd immunity.

A
  1. Most people are immune Southey do not become I’ll
  2. This means there are frewer people who can pass it on
  3. Si there is less chance of unvaccinated people being exposed to the pathogen.
44
Q

Why is a new flu vaccine made every year?

A

The flu virus mutates over time and the white blood cells do not recognise the new strain and the antibodies will only destroy the old strain.

45
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Medicines that are used to cure bacterial diseases by killing bacteria inside the body.

46
Q

What are painkillers?

A

Medecines that will only treat the symptoms of disease. E.g. aspirin and paracetamol

47
Q

Why is it hard to develop drugs that kill viruses?

A

Viruses live inside cells so they are difficult to kill sign out also damaging the body’s own tissues.

48
Q

What is an advantage of antibiotics over antiseptic?

A

Antibiotics can be used to kill bacteria inside the body whilst antiseptics only outside.

49
Q

What are the three stages of drug testing?

A
  1. Preclinical testing
    - Tests on cells, tissues and live animals
    - Tests for toxicity, efficacy and dose
    - Takes place in a laboratory
  2. Early clinical testing
    - Healthy volunteers
    - Safety and toxicity
    - Low drug concentrations
  3. Further clinical testing
    - Patients with the disease
    - Optimum dosage and efficacy
    - Double blind trials in which some patients are given a placebo
50
Q

Why is peer review necessary?

A

The methods and data can be checked by other experts which helps to achieve consensus and prevent false claims about the success of the new drug.

Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions