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Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a nanometre?

A

10-9

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2
Q

What is a micrometer?

A

10-6

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3
Q

What is a millimetre?

A

10-3

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4
Q

What is a centimetre?

A

10-2

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5
Q

Label this eukaryotic animal cell:

A
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6
Q

Label this image of a eukaryotic plant cell:

A
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7
Q

Label this diagram of a prokaryotic cell:

A
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8
Q

What is the function of the bacterial plasmid?

A

It carries additional genes and allows genes to be passed from one bacterial cell to another.

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9
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleus?

A

Contains chromosomes made of DNA.
DNA controls cell processes including growth and development.

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10
Q

What is the structure and function of cytoplasm?

A

Gel-like substance composed of mainly water, proteins, lipids and salts.
Suspends cell structures, site of most cell reactions, place where most cell expansion and growth takes place.

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11
Q

What is the structure and function of the cell membrane?

A

Partially permeable.
Controls what goes into and out of the cell.

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12
Q

What is the structure and function of mitochondria?

A

Large internal surface area for reactions.
Where aerobic respiration takes place.

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13
Q

What is the structure and function of ribosomes?

A

Very small structures.
Where proteins are made.

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14
Q

What is the structure and function of chloroplasts?

A

Contain chlorophyll pigment.
Traps light energy to carry out photosynthesis.

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15
Q

What is the structure and function of the cell wall.

A

Made of cellulose.
Strengthens the cell.

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16
Q

What is the structure and function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Made of a membrane and filled with cell sap.
Stores nutrients and supports the cell.

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17
Q

Require practical 1: Using a light microscope

A
  1. Place tissue on a glass slide with a coverslip on top
  2. Put the slide on the microscope stage and look through the eyepiece lens
  3. Use the lowest power objective lens to find cells
  4. Turn the coarse adjustment knob to focus on the cells
  5. Use the fine adjustment knob to focus more clearly
  6. Switch to a higher power lens to see finer detail using only the fine adjustment knob to focus.
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18
Q

What is the purpose if the different objective lenses on a microscope?

A

Tu magnify the image. Different objectives vary magnification levels.

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19
Q

Why do phloem cells have elongated cells?

A

To transport sugars over long distances.

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20
Q

Why do companion cells have many mitochondria?

A

For active transport.

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21
Q

What is the function of end walls?

A

They have pores to allow sugar solution to pass from cell to cell easily.

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22
Q

How are xylem cells adapted for their function?

A

Hollow gives (lumen) with no end walls to allow water and minerals to flow easily.
Lignin in walls to provide strength and support.

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23
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for their function?

A

Many mitochondria provide energy for active transport of mineral ions.
Long, thin projection increases surface area fur absorption.

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24
Q

How are phloem cells adapted for their function?

A

Companion cells
Elongated cells
End walls

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25
Q

How are sperm cells adapted for their function?

A

Enzymes in head to digest coating of egg.
Many mitochondria to provide energy for swimming.
Tail for swimming.

26
Q

How are muscle cells adapted for their function?

A

Protein fibres shorten to make the muscle cells contract, shortening the whole muscle.
Mitochondria provide energy for contraction.

27
Q

How are nerve cells adapted for their function?

A

Dendrites make connections with other cells.
Fatty myelin sheath speeds up the impulse.
Axon is long to carry impulses across body.

28
Q

What is the function of sperm cells?

A

To carry genetic information to the egg cell.

29
Q

What is the function of the muscle cell?

A

To produce movement.

30
Q

What is the function if nerve cells?

A

To carry electrical impulses around the body.

31
Q

What is cell division mainly for in mature animals?

A

Repair of damaged tissues and replacement of without cells.

32
Q

How can plants divide throughout their lives?

A

They have regions called meristems that are responsible for cell division.

33
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When cells become specialised to carry out a particular function.

34
Q

When trees are pruned, new leaves will begin to grow in a few months. How do the new leaf cells develop.

A

Cells divide and then differentiate to make specialised leaf cells.

35
Q

What is magnification?

A

How many times bigger an image is than the object that is viewed.

36
Q

What is resolution?

A

A measure of the smallest distance between two points that can still be distinguished.

37
Q

Compare light microscopes and electron microscopes.

A

Light:
- living organisms can be seen
- colour
Electron:
- higher magnification
- organisms have to be dead as they are coated in gold
- No colour
- higher revolving power

38
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification = size of image / size of real object

39
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome.

40
Q

What is the function of genes?

A

To carry instructions for making proteins. They determine the characteristics of every living thing.

41
Q

Why do chromosomes sometimes appear as two DNA strands?

A

The DNA is replicated as a cell prepares to divide.

42
Q

Describe the process of the cell cycle.

A
  1. The cell grows in size and the number of sub-cellular structures increase. DNA is replicated to firm two identical copies of each chromosome.
  2. Mitosis: Chromosomes separate then the nucleus divides in two.
  3. Cell division: To make two new identical cells, the cytoplasm and cell membrane divides.
43
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process of cell division.

44
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A
  1. The newly replicated chromosomes are joined together
  2. They move to the centre of the cell
  3. Chromosomes are pulled apart and move to opposite ends of the cell
  4. The nucleus divides. Each nucleus contains one full set of chromosomes
45
Q

Skin has several layers of differentiated cells and kind layer of undifferentiated cells. How did new skin cells form?

A

Division by mitosis makes new cells in the undifferentiated layer. These cells then differentiate to form other cells.

46
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that divide to make new cells.

47
Q

What is the function of stem cells in animal embryos?

A

They divide and differentiate to give the many different cell types in the nature animal.

48
Q

What is cloning?

A

Making genetically identical copies of cells or of whole organisms.

49
Q

What are meristems?

A

Specialised tissues where stem cells are found. The cells produced by plant meristems can differentiate into any type of plant cell throughout the life of the plant.

50
Q

What conditions could be treated by stem cells?

A

Diabetes and paralysis.

51
Q

What are the advantages of therapeutic cloning?

A
  • Treat diseases and replace faulty organs
  • Produces a wider range of cells than is possible from collecting adult stem cells
  • Not rejected by the patient’s immune system
  • Many cells are produced and could be used in research
52
Q

Describe the cultivation process.

A
  1. There is a cell from the patient and a donated egg cell
  2. The egg cell nucleus is replaced with the nucleus from the patient’s cell
  3. An embryo is made that has the same genes as the patient
  4. Stem cells are removed and used to treat the patient
53
Q

What are the disadvantages of therapeutic cloning?

A
  • Stem cells may transfer viral infection
  • Some people believe using an embryo kills a life which creates ethical or religious objections
  • Human eggs cells are in short supply and collecting them has risks
  • There may be side effects of stem cells which are yet unknown
54
Q

What are the benefits of growing plants from stem cells?

A
  • Large numbers of new plants can be produced quickly and cheaply
  • Rare species can be cloned to protect them from extinction
  • Crop plant with useful features such as disease resistance can be cloned from meristem cells - this makes large numbers of identical useful plants available for farmers
55
Q

What is a disadvantage of product of plants using stem cells?

A

All the new plants will be genetically identical, meaning they will be susceptible to the same diseases.

56
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of moving particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration along the concentration gradient.

57
Q

How is diffusion increased across exchange surfaces?

A

The have a large surface area, thin membranes, an efficient blood supply and gas exchange areas are ventilated.

58
Q

What are four examples of exchange organs?

A

Small intestine
Lungs
Fish gills
Roots and leaves of plants

59
Q

What is osmosis?

A

It is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution (with a higher concentration of water molecules) to a more concentrated solution (with a lower concentration of water molecules) through a partially permeable membrane.

60
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane which some substances can pass through and others cannot.

61
Q

Required practical 2: The effect of solute concentration on the mass of plant tissue

A
  1. Pieces of plant tissue such as potato are weighed using an electronic balance
  2. They are then each placed in a range of concentrations of salt or sugar solutions
  3. They are reweighed after allowing time for osmosis to occur
  4. Calculate the percentage change in mass
62
Q

What are the differences between active transport and diffusion?

A

Active transport require energy and can move substances against the concentration gradient.

Biology (7 decks)

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