Infection And Response. Flashcards
What are communicable diseases
Diseases are spread from person to person by a pathogen
What a non-communicable diseases?
Diseases that cannot spread from person to person.
What is the term health
The state of physical and mental well-being
What are pathogens?
Microorganisms that cause infectious disease they include bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi.
Why are bacteria dangerous?
When they enter the human body they reproduce rapidly.
The bacteria then release harmful toxins which will damage tissues and make people feel ill.
How do viruses reproduce
They can’t reproduce by themselves only in a host cell
How are pathogen spread?
Through the air, water and direct contact.
How can the spread of pathogens be prevented?
Three good hygiene, clean drinking water and preventing Direct sexual contact.
Unlike bacteria what can’t viruses be killed by?
Antibiotics.
What are the symptoms of measles
Fever and a red skin rash
What type of disease is measles
Viral
How are measles spread?
They are spread by droplets when an infected person coughs or sneeze.
How can measles be prevented
Vaccine
What type of disease is HIV
Virus
What are the symptoms of HIV
Flu like illness
Why is the spread of HIV dangerous.
Overtime HIV can cause body damage to the immune system which leads the body to become so damaged it can’t fight off infection
What is the effect of a damaged immune system
The body is unable to fight off cancer cells
What infections are easily contractable with a damaged immune system
Cancer and tuberculosis
What is late stage HIV
the disease is fatal
What are antiretroviral drugs
Drugs that stop a virus from multiplying so the virus doesn’t damage the immune sysyem
How is HIV transmitted
Through exchange of fluids for example unprotected intercourse and shared needles
How is salmonella spread
Ingesting infected food, prepared in unhygienic conditions
What causes the symptoms of salmonella
The bacteria which secrete harmful toxins
What are the symptoms of salmonella
Fever, abdominal pain, vomiting diarrhoea
How is the spread of salmonella controlled
All chicken in the UK vaccinated against salmonella
What type of diseases gonorrhoea
A sexually transmitted disease
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea
Thick yellow discharge and pain whilst urinating
How can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented
Using a condom during sexual intercourse
What pathogen spread Malaria
Protist
What are the symptoms of malaria
Repeated bouts of fever and can be fatal
How is malaria caused
Bite from a mosquito that’s passed from the pathogen to another person
How can the spread of malaria be reduced
By reducing the breeding of mosquitoes
Using mosquito nets
What is the function of the non-specific defence system
Preventing pathogens from entering the body
How does the skin prevent pathogens from entering the body
The skin contains an outer layer of dead cells which makes it difficult for pathogens to penetrate.
The skin also produces sebum which kills bacteria
How does the nose prevent pathogens from entering the body
The nose contains hairs to trap pathogens
How are the trachea and bronchi adapted to prevent pathogens from entering the body
They are covered in tiny hairs called cilia which are covered in mucus to trap pathogens.
Then the mucus wafts upwards towards the throat where it is swallowed into the stomach.
How does the stomach prevent pathogens from entering the body
Contains hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens
What is the function of the immune system
To destroy pathogens and toxins and also to protect us in case the same type of pathogen invades us again in the future
What is phagocytosis
What blood cells detect chemicals and move towards it
Then the white blood cells ingest the pathogens
Then it uses enzymes to destroy the pathogen
What are antibodies
Protein molecules produced by white blood cells
How do antibodies destroy pathogens
Antibodies stick to pathogens and triggers and to be destroyed
How do antitoxins destroy pathogens
Antitoxin stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging cells
What is tobacco mosaic virus
A viral disease implants that causes leaves discolour and leave a mosaic pattern
What is the effect of tobacco mosaic virus on a plant
It causes the rate photosynthesis to be reduced and causes reduce growth
What is Rose black spot caused by
Fungi
What does Rose black spot cause
Leaves to develop purple or black spots then the leaves turn yellow and fall off
What is the effect of rose black spot
The rate of photosynthesis to reduce and growth decline
How is Rose black spot spread
Water or wind
How can Rose black spot be treated
Using fungicides
Removing infected leaves
What is a vaccine
Introducing small quantities of dead or inactive pathogens into the body
What’s the effect of a vaccine
White blood cells to be stimulated to produce antibodies against the dead pathogen
Furthermore it causes white blood cells to divide at an increased rate
What is herd community
It’s one enough people are vaccinated that they protect the unvaccinated as no one around them can pass the pathogen
What was the name of the first antibiotic
Penicillin
What do antibiotics do
They kill bacteria without harming body cells
What is antibiotic resistance
When antibiotics have been overused as the bacteria have evolved
Can antibiotics kill viruses
No
What are painkillers
Painkillers reduce the symptoms of a disease however they don’t kill pathogens
Why is it difficult to develop drugs to kill viruses
It’s difficult to kill viruses without damaging the bodies tissues
What is the function of the non specific defence system
Prevent pathogens from entering the body
What is the outer layer of the skin consist of
Dead cells which makes it difficult for pathogens to penetrate
What does the skin produce that kills bacteria
Produces Sebum
What do hairs do
Trap pathogens
What are trachea and bronchi covered in
Cilia which are covered in mucus which trap pathogens.
Then the cilia wafts the mucus towards the throat.
What does the stomach contain to kill pathogens
Hydrochloric acid
What is Phagocytosis
WBC destroy chemicals and move towards it.
Then the WBC ingest the pathogen.
Then uses enzymes to destroy the pathogens.
How do antibodies destroy pathogens
AB’s stick to pathogens and triggers them to be destroyed.
How do antitoxins destroy pathogens
They stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging cells
What does TMV cause
It causes leaves to discolour and leave a mosaic pattern.
This causes the rate of photosynthesis to reduce and reduces growth
What is rose black spot
Fungal infection causing leaves to develop purple or black spots.
Then the leaves fall off.
It causes reduced growth and rate of photosynthesis
What is RBS spread by
Wind and water
How can RBS be treated
Fungicides and removing infected leaves
What is a vaccination
Small quantities of dead or inactive pathogens
What does a vaccination produce
WBC’s produce antibodies against the dead pathogen
What is herd immunity
When a large percentage of the population are vaccinated so unvaccinated people are protected as no one can spread the pathogen
What was the name of the first antibiotic discovered
Penicillin in the 1940s
What do antibiotics do
Kill bacteria without harming body cells
What is antibiotic resistance
When an antibiotic has been overused causing evolved bacteria strains
What do painkillers do
Treat symptoms of disease by relieving pain but they don’t kill pathogens
What tree extracted the drug digitalis
The foxglove
What extracted aspirin
Willow trees
State an example of where drugss can be extracted from microorganisms
Fleming discovered penicillin from penicillin mould
What is the first step for testing a drug
Testing for toxicity
What’s the second step for testing for a drug
Efficacy
What’s the third step for testing for a drug
Dosage
What is preclinical testing
Testing on cells tissues and animals
What is clinical testing
Testing on humans
What is the first stage of clinical testing
Testing very low dosages to healthy volunteers
What’s the second stage of clinical testing
Testing on infected volunteers
What’s a placebo
A tablet or injection with no active drug
What’s a double blind trial
Where the volunteers are split in two
One group receives a drug whereas the second group is given a dummy drug
What are antibodies produced by
White blood cells called lymphocytes
What do lymphocytes produce
Antibodies against any foreign invader
What is the six mark process of making monoclonal antibodies
- Inject an antigen into a mouse
- The mouse should now naturally produced lymphocytes
- The antibodies produced should be specific to the antigen
- Remove spleen cells containing lymphocytes
- Fuse spleen cells with myeloma cells to form a hybridoma cell
6. Hybridoma cells produce millions of monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen
What are monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies which are specific to a single binding site on one protein antigen
What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies
Pregnancy testing
In labs
To locate
Testing diseases
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy testing
Monoclonal antibodies target specific hormone which is produced by the Placenta
How monoclonal antibodies used for testing diseases
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to be specific to cancer cells
This is because radioactive substances can attach to the antibody which stops the cancer cells from binding
What do aphids do to plants
The extract sugars from the plant stunting it’s Growth
What is the symptoms of plant infection
Discolouration
Stunted growth

What are the three ways of identifying plant disease
Using a garden manual
Taking a plant to a lab to identify the pathogen
Testing kits containing monoclonal antibodies
What is the effect of a nitrate ion deficiency
Nitrates are required to make amino acids which make proteins, therefore there is reduced growth by nitrate deficiencies
What is the effect of a magnesium deficiency on plants
It causes chlorosis as magnesium is essential for making chlorophyll, therefore less sunlight is absorbed so less growth
What are physical plant defence responses
Cell wall waxy cuticle and bark
What are chemical plant defence responses
Producing poisons as they deter herbivores from grazing on the plant
What are mechanical plant defence responses
Thorns drooping leaves and mimicking
How can Monoclonal antibodies be used for the treatment of cancer
Bound MABs to a radioactive substance or toxic drug to stop cells dividing and growing
Delivers substance to cancer cells without harming other cells in the body
