Animal tissues, organs and organ systems Flashcards
What is a tissue?
A group of cells with similar structure and function.
What is an organ?
A group of tissues working together for a specific function.
What is an organ system?
A group of organs which work together to form organisms.
What are Villi?
Cells in the lining of the small intestine which absorb products of digestion into the bloodstream.
How are Villi adapted for absorption?
They have a large surface area as they contain microvilli.
Why do Villi provide a fast rate of reaction?
The microvilli have capillaries which allow for a fast rate of diffusion.
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts which increase the rate of chemical reactions.
How are enzymes specific?
Only one substrate can fit perfectly into the active site.
What enzyme is protein broken down by?
Protease.
What are proteins broken down into?
Individual amino acids.
where is protease produced?
Stomach, pancreas and small intestine.
What is starch broken down by?
Amylase.
What are carbohydrates broken down by?
Carbohydrases.
What are carbohydrates and starch broken down into?
Simple sugars.
Where is amylase produced?
The salivary glands and pancreas.
What are lipids broken down by?
Lipase.
What are the products of the digestion of lipids?
Fatty acids and glycerol.
Where is lipase produced?
Small intestine and pancreas.
Where is bile produced and stored?
Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
What is biles function?
It’s function is to emulsify lipids into smaller droplets.
Neutralise stomach acid
Why is being bile alkaline important for digestion?
To neutralise the stomach acid, creating neutral conditions in the small intestine.
What are the two factors affecting enzymes?
Temperature and pH.
How does temperature affect enzymes.
As temperature increases the ROR increases until 40 degrees Celsius where the enzymes begin to denature as the active site changes.
How does pH affect enzymes?
Different enzymes work at different pH levels, a change in pH can cause the enzymes to stop working all together.
What are the four components of the blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets.
What is the function of plasma?
Transport nutrients and all of the blood and some waste.
What waste does plasma carry?
Carbon dioxide to the lungs, Urea which is transported to the kidneys.
What is the function of red blood cells?
Transport oxygen to all living cells.
What are the adaptations of red blood cells?
- Biconcave discs which increase the surface area for diffusion.
- Packed with haemoglobin which binds to oxygen.
- No nucleus which increases the volume of oxygen.
What is the function of the white blood cells?
Protect the body against infection.
What is the function of platelets?
Begin the process of clotting blood.
Is the blood from the heart to organs oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Oxygenated
Is the blood from the heart to lungs oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Deoxygenated.
What is the function of the vena cava?
Transport deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
Transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
What is the function of the Pulmonary vein?
Transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
What is the function of the aorta
Transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
Why does the left side of the heart have a thick muscular wall
Because of the high pressure of blood in the left ventricle
What controls the resting heart rate
The pacemaker cells in the right atrium
What can be used if the pacemaker cells don’t work?
A artificial pacemaker may be diagnosed to be implanted to correct Irregularities in the heart
What adaptation of the artery helps to keep blood pressure high?
Small lumen
What’s the purpose of an artery having a thick muscular wall?
Allows for a high pressure of blood to be withstood
What is the function of the vein
Transport low-pressure deoxygenated blood to the heart
What are the adaptations of the vein to prevent the backflow of blood
Valves
What is the function of the capillaries
Capillaries allow for the easy diffusion of substances such as glucose and oxygen for the blood to the cells
What is an adaptation of the capillaries
One cell thick walls for easier diffusion
What are cardiovascular diseases
Diseases of the heart and the blood vessels
What are the coronary arteries
Arteries That branch out of the aorta and spread out into the heart muscle
What is the function of the coronary arteries
They provide oxygen to the muscle cells of the heart
What is coronary heart disease and what does it cause?
When fatty material builds up inside the coronary arteries which causes the arteries to narrow this reduces blood flow and can cause a heart attack
What are statins and how can they be used to prevent coronary heart disease?
Drugs that can reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood
What is the disadvantages of using statins
Statins can cause unwanted side-effects examples liver problems
What is a stent
A stent is a metal tube that come inside into the artery to keep it open and provide normal blood flow
What can be used for faulty valves
- Mechanical valves can be used which are metal and last for life however they increase the risk of blood clots
- animal valves can be used however they may not last as long but drugs don’t need to be taken.
What is heart failure
When the heart can’t pump enough blood around the body
How can heart failure be treated
A heart transplant can be used however requires a long waiting list and risk of organ rejection
How is the trachea adapted for inhalation
It contains rings of cartilage which prevent collapsion
What are alveoli and how they adapted for gas exchange in the lungs
Alveoli are air sacs in the lungs they are were gases diffuse in and out of the bloodstream
What is a tumour?
Uncontrollable growth of cells
What are benign tumours
Growth of abnormal cells in one area
What are malignant cells
Cells that invade neighbouring tissues and move into the bloodstream
What happens when malignant cells go into the bloodstream
The malignant cells spread to different parts of the body and form a secondary tumour
What’s the main difference between benign tumours and malignant tumours
Malignant tumours form in different parts of the body
How can the risk of cancers be increased
Through genetics and also through lifestyle choices and also the environment
