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Biology > Animal tissues, organs and organ systems > Flashcards

Animal tissues, organs and organ systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function.

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues working together for a specific function.

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3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs which work together to form organisms.

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4
Q

What are Villi?

A

Cells in the lining of the small intestine which absorb products of digestion into the bloodstream.

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5
Q

How are Villi adapted for absorption?

A

They have a large surface area as they contain microvilli.

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6
Q

Why do Villi provide a fast rate of reaction?

A

The microvilli have capillaries which allow for a fast rate of diffusion.

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7
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts which increase the rate of chemical reactions.

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8
Q

How are enzymes specific?

A

Only one substrate can fit perfectly into the active site.

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9
Q

What enzyme is protein broken down by?

A

Protease.

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10
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

Individual amino acids.

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11
Q

where is protease produced?

A

Stomach, pancreas and small intestine.

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12
Q

What is starch broken down by?

A

Amylase.

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down by?

A

Carbohydrases.

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14
Q

What are carbohydrates and starch broken down into?

A

Simple sugars.

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15
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

The salivary glands and pancreas.

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16
Q

What are lipids broken down by?

A

Lipase.

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17
Q

What are the products of the digestion of lipids?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol.

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18
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Small intestine and pancreas.

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19
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

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20
Q

What is biles function?

A

It’s function is to emulsify lipids into smaller droplets.
Neutralise stomach acid

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21
Q

Why is being bile alkaline important for digestion?

A

To neutralise the stomach acid, creating neutral conditions in the small intestine.

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22
Q

What are the two factors affecting enzymes?

A

Temperature and pH.

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23
Q

How does temperature affect enzymes.

A

As temperature increases the ROR increases until 40 degrees Celsius where the enzymes begin to denature as the active site changes.

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24
Q

How does pH affect enzymes?

A

Different enzymes work at different pH levels, a change in pH can cause the enzymes to stop working all together.

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25
Q

What are the four components of the blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets.

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26
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Transport nutrients and all of the blood and some waste.

27
Q

What waste does plasma carry?

A

Carbon dioxide to the lungs, Urea which is transported to the kidneys.

28
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transport oxygen to all living cells.

29
Q

What are the adaptations of red blood cells?

A
  • Biconcave discs which increase the surface area for diffusion.
  • Packed with haemoglobin which binds to oxygen.
  • No nucleus which increases the volume of oxygen.
30
Q

What is the function of the white blood cells?

A

Protect the body against infection.

31
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Begin the process of clotting blood.

32
Q

Is the blood from the heart to organs oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Oxygenated

33
Q

Is the blood from the heart to lungs oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Deoxygenated.

34
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?

A

Transport deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

35
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

Transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

36
Q

What is the function of the Pulmonary vein?

A

Transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

37
Q

What is the function of the aorta

A

Transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

38
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have a thick muscular wall

A

Because of the high pressure of blood in the left ventricle

39
Q

What controls the resting heart rate

A

The pacemaker cells in the right atrium

40
Q

What can be used if the pacemaker cells don’t work?

A

A artificial pacemaker may be diagnosed to be implanted to correct Irregularities in the heart

41
Q

What adaptation of the artery helps to keep blood pressure high?

A

Small lumen

42
Q

What’s the purpose of an artery having a thick muscular wall?

A

Allows for a high pressure of blood to be withstood

43
Q

What is the function of the vein

A

Transport low-pressure deoxygenated blood to the heart

44
Q

What are the adaptations of the vein to prevent the backflow of blood

A

Valves

45
Q

What is the function of the capillaries

A

Capillaries allow for the easy diffusion of substances such as glucose and oxygen for the blood to the cells

46
Q

What is an adaptation of the capillaries

A

One cell thick walls for easier diffusion

47
Q

What are cardiovascular diseases

A

Diseases of the heart and the blood vessels

48
Q

What are the coronary arteries

A

Arteries That branch out of the aorta and spread out into the heart muscle

49
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries

A

They provide oxygen to the muscle cells of the heart

50
Q

What is coronary heart disease and what does it cause?

A

When fatty material builds up inside the coronary arteries which causes the arteries to narrow this reduces blood flow and can cause a heart attack

51
Q

What are statins and how can they be used to prevent coronary heart disease?

A

Drugs that can reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood

52
Q

What is the disadvantages of using statins

A

Statins can cause unwanted side-effects examples liver problems

53
Q

What is a stent

A

A stent is a metal tube that come inside into the artery to keep it open and provide normal blood flow

54
Q

What can be used for faulty valves

A
  • Mechanical valves can be used which are metal and last for life however they increase the risk of blood clots
  • animal valves can be used however they may not last as long but drugs don’t need to be taken.
55
Q

What is heart failure

A

When the heart can’t pump enough blood around the body

56
Q

How can heart failure be treated

A

A heart transplant can be used however requires a long waiting list and risk of organ rejection

57
Q

How is the trachea adapted for inhalation

A

It contains rings of cartilage which prevent collapsion

58
Q

What are alveoli and how they adapted for gas exchange in the lungs

A

Alveoli are air sacs in the lungs they are were gases diffuse in and out of the bloodstream

59
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Uncontrollable growth of cells

60
Q

What are benign tumours

A

Growth of abnormal cells in one area

61
Q

What are malignant cells

A

Cells that invade neighbouring tissues and move into the bloodstream

62
Q

What happens when malignant cells go into the bloodstream

A

The malignant cells spread to different parts of the body and form a secondary tumour

63
Q

What’s the main difference between benign tumours and malignant tumours

A

Malignant tumours form in different parts of the body

64
Q

How can the risk of cancers be increased

A

Through genetics and also through lifestyle choices and also the environment

Biology (11 decks)

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