Infection and Response

Question 1

What is a pathogen?

Answer 1

a micro-organism that cause disease

Question 2

How can pathogens spread?

Answer 2

In air, water, direct contact, a vector, blood or sexual fluids

Question 3

what is measles?

Answer 3

measles is a virus that is spread through liquid droplets in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Question 4

what are the implications of measles?

Answer 4

cold like symptoms, coughing, sneezing, red eyes, high temperature, rashes. most often effect children and can be fatal.
can be prevented by vaccination.

Question 5

what is HIV?

Answer 5

HIV is a virus that is spread via sexual fluids (unprotected sex) or via the blood (sharing needles).

Question 6

what are the implications of HIV?

Answer 6

attacks white blood cells and therefore there is little immune response.
This can lead to aids.

Question 7

What is TMV ?

Answer 7

disease spread by the direct contact of plants

Question 8

What are the implications of TMV?

Answer 8

• reduced levels of chlorophyll
• reduced photosynthesis
• reduced sugars
  which leads to a lower yield (less plants)

Question 9

What is salmonella ?

Answer 9

A type of bacteria in infected foods

Question 10

What are the implications of salmonella ?

Answer 10

diarrhoea, stomach cramps and vomiting and fever.

dehydration that can be life threatening

Question 11

What is gonorrhoea?

Answer 11

type of bacteria spread with the contact of sexual fluids

Question 12

What are the implications of gonorrhoea?

Answer 12

• thick, green, smelly discharge
• pain when urinating
• bleeding

Question 13

what is malaria?

Answer 13

type of parasite spread by female mosquito

Question 14

what are the implications of malaria?

Answer 14

• high fever
• sweats
• chest and muscle pains
• headaches
• vomiting
  and can be lethal in severe cases

Question 15

what is rose black spot fungus?

Answer 15

fungus spread on plants

Question 16

what are the implications of rose black spot fungus?

Answer 16

large areas of discolouration and loss of vigour

Question 17

how does the body protect itself from pathogens?

Answer 17

• stomach acid kills bacteria
• respiratory system contains mucus and hairs to trap bacteria
• skin barrier
• tears wash out eyes

Question 18

what does the immune system do?

Answer 18

• produces antibodies to recognise pathogens quickly
• produces antitoxins to counteract bacteria toxins
• consumes pathogen via white blood cells

Question 19

how does a vaccination work?

Answer 19

• contains small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens
• allows your body to develop antibodies
• new infections can be dealt with quickly

Question 20

what are the advantages of vaccinations ?

Answer 20

• new infections can be dealt with quickly
• small pox wiped out
• herd immunity (when a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection)

Question 21

what are the disadvantages of vaccines?

Answer 21

• don’t always work
• painful
• may have side effects

Question 22

what do new drugs need to be tested for ?

Answer 22

• toxicity
• efficiency
• dosage

Question 23

Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies:

Answer 23

Example of mouse:

• mouse vaccinated to start formation of antibodies
• antibodies are formed in the spleen and these are collected from the mouse
• antibodies from the cell are removed and fused into myeloma cells that grow rapidly
• these cells can be grown in cultures in a lab until they are lots of hybrid cells
• cells and antibodies can be separated
• antibodies can be used in pregnancy tests

Question 24

How can you identify plant disease?

Answer 24

• discolouration
• leaves fall off
• loss of vigour
• flowering
• death

Question 25

what does low nitrates in a plant lead to?

Answer 25

poor growth and yellow leaves

Question 26

what does low phosphates mean ?

Answer 26

poor root growth and discoloured leaves

Question 27

what does low potassium in a plant mean ?

Answer 27

poor flower and fruit growth

Question 28

what does low magnesium in a plant mean ?

Answer 28

yellow leaves