Infection and response 1

Question 1

What is a pathogen?

Answer 1

A microorganism that causes infectious disease.

Question 2

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 2

A disease that can be transmitted from one organism to another because it is caused by a microorganism.

Question 3

How are pathogens spread?

Answer 3

-Direct contact (contaminated surfaces)
-Air (inhalation of airborne droplets)
-Water (contaminated water e.g.cholera)

Question 4

Name 4 different pathogens

Answer 4

-Bacteria
-Virus
-Protist
-Fungi

Question 5

What do pathogens do?

Answer 5

-Depend on their host to provide the conditions and nutrients that they need to grow and reproduce

-Make us feel ill

Question 6

What are viruses?

Answer 6

-not cells
-not living
-still considered organisms
-10000x smaller than animal cells

Question 7

How do viruses make you unwell?

Answer 7

They reproduce rapidly inside host cells by using the cells’ machinery to produce many copies of themselves.

This causes damage to the host cell, and the cell will usually burst after a time, releasing the viruses which colonise another cell.

It is the cell damage that makes you feel ill

Question 8

Example of viral diseases

Answer 8

-Measles
-HIV
-TMV

Question 9

How is measles spread?

Answer 9

Inhalation of airborne droplets (when an infected person coughs or sneezes)

Question 10

Measles symptoms

Answer 10

-Red-skin rash

-Fever

-(In serious cases pneumonia, blindness, death=why most young children are vaccinated against it)

Question 11

How can we prevent the spread of measles?

Answer 11

-Vaccination
-Isolate the infected

Question 12

How is HIV spread?

Answer 12

-Direct sexual contact
-Exchange of bodily fluids e.g. blood when sharing needles

Question 13

What does HIV stand for?

Answer 13

Human immunodeficiency virus

Question 14

HIV symptoms

Answer 14

-Mild, flu-like
-Until it develops into late stage HIV, or ‘AIDS

Question 15

What is AIDS?

Answer 15

A viral infection where the immune system is so weak that the body can no longer fight infection.

Question 16

What are people with AIDS prone to?

Answer 16

Catching unusual infections

Question 17

How can we prevent HIV developing into AIDS?

Answer 17

Regular use of antiretroviral drugs, which prevent viruses replicating.

Question 18

What are bacteria?

Answer 18

-Very small, prokaryotic cells
-Can reproduce rapidly inside your body

Question 19

Examples of bacterial diseases

Answer 19

-Salmonella
-Gonorrhoea

Question 20

What does TMV stand for?

Answer 20

Tobacco mosaic virus

Question 21

What does TMV affect?

Answer 21

It is a widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plant, e.g. tomatoes.

Question 22

How is TMV spread?

Answer 22

Direct contact between diseased and healthy plants
(can stay in soil for up to 50 years)

Question 23

TMV symptoms

Answer 23

-A distinctive mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves

-Infected areas can’t photosynthesise

-So the plant overall can’t produce enough sugars for proper growth (so stunted growth)

Question 24

How is Salmonella spread?

Answer 24

-Bacteria ingested in food
-Food prepared in unhygienic conditions

Question 25

Symptoms of Salmonella

Answer 25

-Fever -Abdominal cramps -Vomiting -Diarrhoea

Question 26

How can we prevent the spread of Salmonella?

Answer 26

-Vaccinating poultry e.g. chickens -Cook food thoroughly

Question 27

How can we prevent the spread of TMV?

Answer 27

-Grow TMV resistant strains of crop

Question 28

How is Gonorrhoea spread?

Answer 28

-Direct sexual contact (it's an STD)

Question 29

Gonorrhoea symptoms?

Answer 29

-Thick yellow/green discharge from the vagina or penis -Pain when urinating

Question 30

How can we prevent the spread of Gonorrhoea?

Answer 30

-Use barrier methods of contraception e.g. condoms -Treat people with antibiotics

Question 31

How can we treat Gonorrhoea?

Answer 31

-Expensive, rare antibiotics -Penicillin (first antibiotic) was used but many strains of the bacteria have become resistant to it

Question 32

How can we treat Salmonella?

Answer 32

-Antibiotics -Then it usually passes within a week

Question 33

Examples of fungal diseases

Answer 33

-Rose Black spot

Question 34

Rose black spot symptoms

Answer 34

-Purple/Black spots on leaves -Infected leaves often turn yellow and drop off early -Infected areas can't photosynthesise -So the plant overall can't produce enough sugars for proper growth (so stunted growth)

Question 35

How is Rose Black spot spread?

Answer 35

by the environment by water or wind

Question 36

How can we treat Rose Black spot?

Answer 36

-Using fungicides -Removing/destroying infected leaves

Question 37

What pathogen causes malaria?

Answer 37

Protists

Question 38

What might we use gardening manuals or websites to do?

Answer 38

Identify plant diseases

Question 39

What is a protist?

Answer 39

-Eukaryotes -Most are unicellular -Some are parasites

Question 40

What are parasites?

Answer 40

Organisms that live on or in other organisms causing them damage. They are often transferred to the organism (host) by a vector when the vector feeds on a healthy animal.

Question 41

What is a vector?

Answer 41

An organism that transfers a pathogen from one host to another, without getting the disease itself.

Question 42

Malaria symptoms

Answer 42

-Recurrent episodes of fever -Can be fatal

Question 43

How do we prevent the spread of Malaria?

Answer 43

-Stop the vectors, mosquitos, from breeding (e.g. by destroying their breeding grounds) -Protect people from being bitten by using mosquito nets and insecticides

Question 44

The malarial life cycle includes the...

Answer 44

mosquito

Question 45

How do fungi cause disease?

Answer 45

-Some are single - celled -Others have a body made up of hyphae -These hyphae can grow and penetrate the surface of human skin and the surface of plants, causing diseases -The hyphae can produce spores, which can be spread to other plants and animals.

Question 46

Examples of Protist diseases

Answer 46

Malaria

Question 47

How can we reduce or prevent the spread of disease?

Answer 47

-Good hygiene routines e.g. washing hands -Isolating infected individuals -Vaccination -Destroying vectors

Question 48

Which pathogens may reproduce rapidly inside the body?

Answer 48

Bacteria and viruses

Question 49

How do bacteria make us feel ill?

Answer 49

They produce toxins that damage tissues, making us feel ill.

Question 50

How do viruses make us feel ill?

Answer 50

They live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage and making us feel ill.

Question 51

How does AIDS develop?

Answer 51

-Unless the HIV virus is successfully treated with antiretroviral drugs, it attacks the body's immune cells -If the virus remains inside the body for a prolonged time, the immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections, or cancers -This is known as late stage HIV, or AIDS

Question 52

What are the symptoms of Salmonella caused by?

Answer 52

The Salmonella bacteria and the toxins they secrete.

Question 53

How does destroying vectors prevent the spread of disease?

Answer 53

By getting rid of the organisms spreading disease, you can prevent it from being passed on.

Question 54

How does vaccination prevent the spread of disease?

Answer 54

Vaccinated individuals are less likely to develop the infection and pass it on. Can lead to herd immunity.

Question 55

How does isolating individuals prevent the spread of disease?

Answer 55

It prevents them passing on communicable diseases.

Question 56

Which plant does aspirin originate from?

Answer 56

Willow