Extras Flashcards
When growing bacterial cultures, why is it necessary to sterilise the agar and petri dish?
To kill any bacteria on the agar or petri dish and avoid growing other bacteria.
How is the number of bacteria in a colony calculated?
2 to the power of ‘number of divisions’
Name 3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion.
Difference in concentration
Temperature
Surface area of the membrane
Why do multicellular organisms need specific exchange surfaces and a system of transport like the blood?
The surface area to volume ration is too low without folded internal surfaces.
What is active transport (ko)
The movement of particles from a low concentration to a higher one using energy.
Give an example of a substance that is taken up by active transport in animals.
Glucose - from the intestines to the blood.
What are the 7 components of food?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, Fibre, Water
Why does food need to be digested?
So that small soluble molecules can get across the membrane of the small intestine into the blood.
What are the small molecules produced in digestion used for?
To build new carbohydrates, fats, or proteins in the body.
Glucose is used in respiration.
How is the blood on the left side of the heart different to the blood on the right side of the heart?
The blood on the left is higher in oxygen and lower in carbon dioxide.
What is a non-communicable disease? (ko)
A disease not caused by a pathogen and therefore cannot be passed between living organisms.
Name 3 lifestyle factors linked with cardiovascular disease
smoking
diet
exercise
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division
What is a malignant tumour?
One that is capable of spreading around the body
What is a benign tumour?
One that will not spread around the body.
Name some risk factors for cancer
Genetics, diet, smoking, ionising radiation
What happens during an asthma attack?
The bronchi and bronchioles constrict
What virus is linked with cervical cancer?
HPV
Which parts of the body are affected by asthma?
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles (airways)
Why do people with asthma often struggle to breathe?
Less air can flow in and out of the lungs.
Why are there air spaces in the spongy mesophyll?
To allow gases to diffuse.
What is transpiration?
The evaporation of water through the stomata
Potometer
Measure how far the bubble moves in a set amount of time.
Why are stomata only found on the underside of a leaf?
It is cooler on the underside, so less water is lost by evaporation.
Why can communicable diseases be passed between organisms?
They are caused by microorganisms
How do viruses make you unwell?
They reproduce in cells, causing damage or death to the host cell.
How is salmonella spread?
By eating food prepared in unhygienic conditions.
Symptoms of malaria
Recurrent episodes of fever, can lead to death.
What is an antigen? (KO)
A specific protein found on the surface of a pathogen.
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to target specific chemicals or cells? (KO)
Monoclonal antibodies are specific to the binding site on a specific protein antigen.
How are monoclonal antibodies used in research? (KO)
They are used to locate and identify specific molecules in cells and tissues.
How are monoclonal antibodies used in diagnostic testing?
They are used to measure levels of hormones or chemicals in the urine or blood e.g. HCG in the urine to test for pregnancy.
How can a plant disease be identified by gardeners?
-Looking in a manual/website
-Taking them to a lab
-Using monoclonal antibody testing kits
What is the glucose made in photosynthesis used for?
-Converted to starch for storage
-Made into amino acids
-Made into fats
-Used in respiration
-Converted into cellulose for cell walls
Name the three carbohydrates that can be made from glucose
-starch
-glycogen
-cellulose
Why does breathing get faster and deeper during exercise?
-More oxygen in
-Get rid of more carbon dioxide
what is respiration?
An exothermic reaction that releases energy needed for all living processes.
