Cell Biology 1 Flashcards
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, Microscopy.
What are animal, algal, and plant cells types of?
Eukaryotic cells
What are bacterial cells types of?
Prokaryotic cells
What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
-Prokaryotic cells are much smaller
-Prokaryotic cells don’t have mitochondria
-The genetic material of eukaryotic cells is enclosed in a nucleus but the genetic material of prokaryotic cells isn’t
What are the similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
-Both have cytoplasm and a cell membrane
What is an order of magnitude?
Differences in size calculated in factors/powers of ten, for comparing very large and small things.
List the sub-cellular structures in an animal cell
-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm
-Cell membrane
-Mitochondria
-Ribosomes
List the sub-cellular structures in a plant cell:
-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm
-Cell membrane
-Mitochondria
-Ribosomes
-Cellulose cell wall
-Permanent vacuole
-Chloroplasts
What additional sub-cellular structures do plant cells have?
-Cellulose cell wall
-Permanent vacuole
-Chloroplasts
What is the function of the nucleus?
It contains genetic material and controls the activities of the cell.
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
It is a gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. It contains enzymes that control these reactions.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Controls which substances can pass in and out of the cell and holds the cell together.
What is the function of mitochondria?
Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration. They release energy for the cell.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis (which makes food for the plant). They contain chlorophyll.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
(they synthesise proteins)
What is the function of the permanent vacuole?
It is a large sac containing cell sap - a weak solution of sugars and salts.
It helps to maintain the structure and shape of the cell by pushing against the cell wall.
What is chlorophyll?
A green pigment found in chloroplasts, which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis.
What is the function of the cell wall?
It is made up of cellulose so is strong, helping to maintain the shape of the cell.
List the sub-cellular structures in a bacterial cell:
-cell membrane
-cell wall
-cytoplasm
-ribosomes
-nucleoid (singular loop of DNA)
-(plasmids)
-(flagellum - singular, flagella - plural)
What are bacterial cells?
Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms which are approximately 1µm in size (about 10x smaller than human body cells).
What is the function of a nucleoid?
It is a single strand of DNA that contains essential DNA (all DNA that the cell needs to survive and reproduce)
What is the function of plasmids?
They are small rings of DNA which contain extra genes which the bacterial cell does not need on a daily basis, such as for antibiotic resistance.
What is the function of the flagellum?
Rotates or moves in a whip-like motion to move the bacterium.
1 as a power of 10
10⁰
0.1 as a power of 10
10⁻¹