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NURS4036 - complex health > Infection and HIV infection > Flashcards

Infection and HIV infection Flashcards

1
Q

HIV transmission

A

through contact with body fluids such as
- blood
- semen
- vaginal secretions
- breast milk

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2
Q

pathophysiology of HIV

A
  • RNA virus
  • unable to replicate unless inside living cell
  • binds to specific CD4 receptor sites and CCR5, CXCR4 co-receptors on a cell
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3
Q

components of HIV

A

virus is surrounded by an envelope made up on proteins and contains a core of viral RNA and proteins

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4
Q

HIV proteins bind to cell

A
  • HIV glycoprotein 120 attaches to CD4 on the surface of T-cells
  • RNA enters cells and produced viral DNA causing permanent cellular infection and production of new virions
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5
Q

HIV patho

A
  • reverse transcriptase assists to make viral DNA
  • all daughter cells from affected cells will be infected
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6
Q

viral load in the blood

A

initial infection
- viremia (large viral load) for 2-3 weeks
- transmission more likely

prolonged period of low viral load
- limited CM but replication still occurs
- rapid replications causes mutations that contribute to tx difficulties

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7
Q

cells with CD4 receptor sites

A
  • T helper cells
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
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8
Q

acute HIV infection

A
  • fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, headache, malaise
  • called acute retroviral syndrome and occur about 1-3 weeks after infection
  • lasts 1-2 weeks
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9
Q

early chronic HIV infection

A
  • generally asymptomatic
  • most pts are not aware they are infected
  • fatigue, low-grade fever, night sweats, lymphadenopathy
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10
Q

intermediate chronic HIV infection

A
  • CD4 T cells drop
  • viral load increases
  • more active state
  • worsening symptoms
  • infections
  • nervous system CM
  • thrush, shingles, herpes, bacterial infections, kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)
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11
Q

CM of late chronic or AIDS

A
  • severely compromised immune system
  • risk for opportunistic disease
  • malignancies, wasting, dementia
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12
Q

HIV dx

A
  • rapid HIV- antibody tests
  • may take 2 months to detect antibodies
  • monitor progression through CD4 T-cell counts
  • neutropenia
  • thrombocytopenia
  • anemia
  • altered liver function tests
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13
Q

interprofessional care for HIV

A
  • monitor disease progression and immune function
  • initiating and monitoring antiretroviral therapy (ART)
  • preventing, detecting, and treating opportunistic infections
  • managing symptoms
  • prevent further transmission
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14
Q

HIV medication therapy goals

A
  • decrease viral load
  • maintain/raise CD4 counts
  • delay symptoms and opportunistic infections
  • prevent transmission
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15
Q

antiretroviral therapy (ART)

A
  • not a cure
  • decrease viral replication and delay progression
  • reduce viral loads by 90-99%
  • multi-medication
  • given regardless of CD4 count
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16
Q

HIV medication therapy

A
  • nucleoside, non-nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors: inhibit ability of HIV to make DNA copy
  • fusion inhibitors: interfere with HIV CD4 receptor site binding
  • protease inhibitors: interfere with activity of enzyme protease
  • combination antiretroviral therapy: 3+ medications at full strength
17
Q

nursing assessment questions for HIV

A
  • received blood transfusion or clotting factors before 1985?
  • shared needles, syringes, or other injection equipment?
  • sexually active?
  • history of STIs?
18
Q

nursing dx of HIV

A

depends on
- stage
- presence of specific etiological problems
- social factors

19
Q

nursing planning of HIV

A
  • keep low viral load
  • maintain immune function
  • improve QOL
  • reduce transmission
  • prevent infections
  • reduce disability
  • adherence to medications
20
Q

nursing implementation for HIV management

A
  • primary prevention
  • health promotion
21
Q

HIV health promotion

A
  • prevention and early detection
  • safer, healthier, less risky behaviour (sexual intercourse, substance abuse, workplace risks)
22
Q

HIV acute intervention

A

early intervention promotes health and limits or delays disability

23
Q

Promoting a healthy immune system for HIV

A
  • nutritional support
  • Moderation or elimination of alcohol
  • Adequate rest and activity
  • Stress reduction
  • Avoidance of exposure to new infections
  • Mental health counselling
  • Support groups and community activities
24
Q

oral thrush and HIV

A
  • opportunistic infection
  • fungi involving hard and soft palate
25
Q

kaposi’s sarcoma

A
  • malignant vascular lesions on skin surface and internal organs
  • cancer caused by HIV

NURS4036 - complex health (10 decks)

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