Infection And Disease

Question 1

What are pathogens

Answer 1

Pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause communicable disease
(Both plants and animals are infected)

Question 2

How do bacteria(1/100 of body cells)

Make you feel ill

Answer 2

Multiplying by binary fission 
Producing toxins(poisons) that damage your cells and tissues

Question 3

Are viruses cells

Answer 3

No they are 1/100th the size of a bacterium

Question 4

How do viruses make us feel ill

Answer 4

Cell damage
Replicate themselves rapidly/ produce many copies
Causing the cell to burst and viruses enter bloodstream

Question 5

What are protists

Answer 5

Single celled eukaryotes

Question 6

How do protists make us feel ill

Answer 6

Some are parasitic and use humans and animals as hosts
Vectors (not infected themselves)
transfer them into the organism

Question 7

How do fungi make us Feel ill

Some are single celled some have bodies of hyphae-thread like structures

Answer 7

Hyphae can grow and penetrate skin+plant surface

Spores

Question 8

How are pathogens spread

Answer 8

-Water-drinking or bathing in dirty water(eg cholera a bacterial infection diarrhoea in water)
-Air-pathogens carried in air and breathed in(droplet infection) eg flu
-direct contact-touching contaminated surfaces(like skin)
(eg athetes foot caused by a fungus)

Question 9

Limiting pathogen spread

Answer 9

Improve hygiene
Reducing contact with the infected
Removing vectors
Vaccination

Question 10

Measles

• Symptoms
• How it’s spread
• Pathogen
• Prevention

Answer 10

Symptoms-fever, red skin rash (can lead to pneumonia-lung infection-and brain infection)
Droplet infection
Spread by virus
Prevention-vaccination

Question 11

HIV-can develop into AIDS
Symptoms
How it’s spread
Pathogen 
Prevention
Controlled

Answer 11

Symptoms-flu like at first then none
Bodily fluids-breast milk, unprotected sex,sharing needles
Virus 
Condoms,bottle feedings,diaphragm 
Use antiviral drugs-stop replication

Question 12

Tobacco mosaic virus(tomatoes)
Symptoms
How it’s spread 
Prevention
Treatment

Answer 12

Symptoms-discoloration(chlorosis) mosaic pattern(less photosynthesis-can’t grow)
Contact between plants, farmers not washing equipment or hands
Isolate and burn, grow TMV resistant strain

Question 13

Rose black spot
Symptoms
How it’s spread 
Pathogen
Treatment

Answer 13

Symptoms-purple/black spots,chlorosis,leaves drop off
Spores in rain or wind
Fungus
Fungicides and stripping plant of infected leaves and destroying them

Question 14

Malaria
Symptoms 
How it’s spread
Pathogen 
Prevention

Answer 14

Symptoms-repeating episodes of fever,shaking
Vectors-mosquitoes puncturing skin
Insecticide,anti malerial tablets,mosquito nets and draining water

Question 15

Salmonella 
Symptoms 
How it’s spread
Pathogen 
Prevention
Treatment

Answer 15

Symptoms-fever,vomiting,diarrhoea
Unhygienic conditions,undercooked meat and poultry
Bacteria
Chickens are vaccinated,hygiene,prevention cross contamination and cook food thoroughly
Antibacterial drugs

Question 16

Gonorrhoea
Symptoms 
How it’s spread
Pathogen 
Prevention
Treatment

Answer 16

Symptoms-thick yellow/green discharge and pain urinating
Unprotected sex
Bacteria
Condoms
Antibacterial drugs

Question 17

Skin protection

What defense system

Answer 17

Non specific 
Acts as a barrier
Secrete Antimicrobial substances(kill pathogens)
Cut scabs over due to platelets
Constantly shed skin

Question 18

Nose

What defense system

Answer 18

Non specific

Hairs and mucus trap particles(pathogens)stops entering lungs

Question 19

Trachea and bronchi

What defense system

Answer 19

Non specific defense system
Mucus traps pathogens and
Cilia(hair like structured)waft mucus up to the back of your throat where it’s swallowed or spat out

Question 20

Stomach

What defense system

Answer 20

Non specific defense system

Produced hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens

Question 21

Phagocytes

What defense system

Answer 21

Specific defense system

Phagocytosis-engulf pathogens and ingest them (destroys)

Question 22

Lymphocytes

What defense system

Answer 22

Specific defense system

Release antitoxins-neutalise toxins

Produce antibodies(proteins) until they make the specific one that binds to that antigen and clump them, if pathogen returns antigens remain and are produced faster

Question 23

Monoclonal antibodies are produced from lots of clones of a single white blood cell this means….

Answer 23

Identical

One specific protein antigen targeted

Question 24

Producing monoclonal antibodies

Answer 24

• Mouse injected with chosen antigen
• B-lymphocytes taken from spleen
• fuse with fast dividing tumor cells(myeloma)
• make hybridoma
• produce the monoclonal antibodies quickly

Question 25

Monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy

Answer 25

- HCG is hormone found in urine of pregnant women - bit you wee on has antibodies on fluorescent dye(blue beads) - hormone binds to antibodies,they move up the stick and bind to antigens on strip turning blue - negative doesn’t turn blue

Question 26

Monoclonal antibodies on cancer

Answer 26

- Can make monoclonal antibodies that bind to tumor markers - attach anti cancer drug to antibodies (eg radioactive substance,toxic drug or chemical that stops growing and dividing) - drug kills cancer cells but not normal body cells

Question 27

Monoclonal antibodies in labs

Answer 27

1-bind to hormones and other chemicals in blood to measure levels 2-test blood samples in labs for pathogens 3-locate specific molecules on a cell or in a tissue

Question 28

Locating specific molecules on a cell or in a tissue- mono antibodies

Answer 28

1-monoclonal antibodies are made that will bind to the specific molecules your looking for 2-antibodies bound to fluorescent dye 3-If molecules are present monoclonal antibodies will bind to them and the dye helps detect them

Question 29

Monoclonal antibodies advantages and disadvantages

Answer 29

+chemotherapy and radiotherapy can effect normal body cells as well as cancer cells, monoclonal antibodies target specific cells(lower side effects) +can be engineered to treat lots of conditions +can produce mouse-human hybrid cells to reduce chance of immune system being triggered -side effects:fever vomiting and low blood pressure = not as widely used -trigger immune system -expensive -difficult to attach to drug

Question 30

3 things that can be bound to a monoclonal antibody to treat cancer

Answer 30

Radioactive substance Toxic drug Chemical which stops cancer cells growing

Question 31

Nitrate deficiency in plants

Answer 31

Nitrates are needed to make proteins for plant growth | =stunted growth

Question 32

Magnesium deficiency in plants

Answer 32

Magnesium ions make chlorophyll (needed for photosynthesis) | Yellow leaves/chlorosis

Question 33

Common signs of plant disease

Answer 33

``` Stunted growth Spots Patches of decay Abnormal growths Malformed stems or leaves Discoloration ```

Question 34

Signs of pest infestations(aphids) | And how to identify them

Answer 34

Should be visible 1-look up signs in gardening manual or website 2-take infected plant into laboratory 3-use test kit that identifies pathogen (by monoclonal antibodies)

Question 35

Plant physical defenses

Answer 35

- waxy cuticle =barrier - cell walls made from cellulose(physical barrier - layers of dead cells around stems like bark act as barrier

Question 36

Plant chemical defenses

Answer 36

- some produce antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria | - some produce poisons which deter herbivores ( eg tobacco plants,foxglove and deadly nightshade)

Question 37

Plant Mechanical defenses

Answer 37

- Thorns or hairs-stop animals touching and eating - reactive leaves (droop or curl)-knock insects off and move away from things - mimicry/mimic-tricks plants into not eating them(look like butterfly eggs or stones)

Question 38

Mmr vaccine

Answer 38

Measles rubella mumps

Question 39

Vaccination

Answer 39

- Small amounts of dead or inactive pathogen - immune system develops antibodies - further infection dealt with quickly

Question 40

Herd immunity

Answer 40

Large percentage of population vaccinated | Small percentage protected as disease is hard to spread

Question 41

Why antibiotics don’t always work

Answer 41

Bacteria quickly mutate Resistant strain grow and multiply Natural selection We use antibiotics too much

Question 42

Potassium deficiency in plants

Answer 42

Poor flower and fruit growth

Question 43

Low phosphates

Answer 43

Poor root growth and discoloration