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Bi > Infection And Disease > Flashcards

Infection And Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are pathogens

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause communicable disease
(Both plants and animals are infected)

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2
Q

How do bacteria(1/100 of body cells)

Make you feel ill

A 
Multiplying by binary fission 
Producing toxins(poisons) that damage your cells and tissues
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3
Q

Are viruses cells

A

No they are 1/100th the size of a bacterium

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4
Q

How do viruses make us feel ill

A

Cell damage
Replicate themselves rapidly/ produce many copies
Causing the cell to burst and viruses enter bloodstream

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5
Q

What are protists

A

Single celled eukaryotes

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6
Q

How do protists make us feel ill

A

Some are parasitic and use humans and animals as hosts
Vectors (not infected themselves)
transfer them into the organism

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7
Q

How do fungi make us Feel ill

Some are single celled some have bodies of hyphae-thread like structures

A

Hyphae can grow and penetrate skin+plant surface

Spores

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8
Q

How are pathogens spread

A

-Water-drinking or bathing in dirty water(eg cholera a bacterial infection diarrhoea in water)
-Air-pathogens carried in air and breathed in(droplet infection) eg flu
-direct contact-touching contaminated surfaces(like skin)
(eg athetes foot caused by a fungus)

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9
Q

Limiting pathogen spread

A

Improve hygiene
Reducing contact with the infected
Removing vectors
Vaccination

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10
Q

Measles

  • Symptoms
  • How it’s spread
  • Pathogen
  • Prevention
A

Symptoms-fever, red skin rash (can lead to pneumonia-lung infection-and brain infection)
Droplet infection
Spread by virus
Prevention-vaccination

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11
Q 
HIV-can develop into AIDS
Symptoms
How it’s spread
Pathogen 
Prevention
Controlled
A 
Symptoms-flu like at first then none
Bodily fluids-breast milk, unprotected sex,sharing needles
Virus 
Condoms,bottle feedings,diaphragm 
Use antiviral drugs-stop replication
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12
Q 
Tobacco mosaic virus(tomatoes)
Symptoms
How it’s spread 
Prevention
Treatment
A

Symptoms-discoloration(chlorosis) mosaic pattern(less photosynthesis-can’t grow)
Contact between plants, farmers not washing equipment or hands
Isolate and burn, grow TMV resistant strain

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13
Q 
Rose black spot
Symptoms
How it’s spread 
Pathogen
Treatment
A

Symptoms-purple/black spots,chlorosis,leaves drop off
Spores in rain or wind
Fungus
Fungicides and stripping plant of infected leaves and destroying them

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14
Q 
Malaria
Symptoms 
How it’s spread
Pathogen 
Prevention
A

Symptoms-repeating episodes of fever,shaking
Vectors-mosquitoes puncturing skin
Insecticide,anti malerial tablets,mosquito nets and draining water

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15
Q 
Salmonella 
Symptoms 
How it’s spread
Pathogen 
Prevention
Treatment
A

Symptoms-fever,vomiting,diarrhoea
Unhygienic conditions,undercooked meat and poultry
Bacteria
Chickens are vaccinated,hygiene,prevention cross contamination and cook food thoroughly
Antibacterial drugs

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16
Q 
Gonorrhoea
Symptoms 
How it’s spread
Pathogen 
Prevention
Treatment
A 
Symptoms-thick yellow/green discharge and pain urinating
Unprotected sex
Bacteria
Condoms
Antibacterial drugs
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17
Q

Skin protection

What defense system

A 
Non specific 
Acts as a barrier
Secrete Antimicrobial substances(kill pathogens)
Cut scabs over due to platelets
Constantly shed skin
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18
Q

Nose

What defense system

A

Non specific

Hairs and mucus trap particles(pathogens)stops entering lungs

19
Q

Trachea and bronchi

What defense system

A

Non specific defense system
Mucus traps pathogens and
Cilia(hair like structured)waft mucus up to the back of your throat where it’s swallowed or spat out

20
Q

Stomach

What defense system

A

Non specific defense system

Produced hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens

21
Q

Phagocytes

What defense system

A

Specific defense system

Phagocytosis-engulf pathogens and ingest them (destroys)

22
Q

Lymphocytes

What defense system

A

Specific defense system

Release antitoxins-neutalise toxins

Produce antibodies(proteins) until they make the specific one that binds to that antigen and clump them, if pathogen returns antigens remain and are produced faster

23
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are produced from lots of clones of a single white blood cell this means….

A

Identical

One specific protein antigen targeted

24
Q

Producing monoclonal antibodies

A
  • Mouse injected with chosen antigen
  • B-lymphocytes taken from spleen
  • fuse with fast dividing tumor cells(myeloma)
  • make hybridoma
  • produce the monoclonal antibodies quickly
25
Q

Monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy

A
  • HCG is hormone found in urine of pregnant women
  • bit you wee on has antibodies on fluorescent dye(blue beads)
  • hormone binds to antibodies,they move up the stick and bind to antigens on strip turning blue
  • negative doesn’t turn blue
26
Q

Monoclonal antibodies on cancer

A
  • Can make monoclonal antibodies that bind to tumor markers
  • attach anti cancer drug to antibodies (eg radioactive substance,toxic drug or chemical that stops growing and dividing)
  • drug kills cancer cells but not normal body cells
27
Q

Monoclonal antibodies in labs

A

1-bind to hormones and other chemicals in blood to measure levels
2-test blood samples in labs for pathogens
3-locate specific molecules on a cell or in a tissue

28
Q

Locating specific molecules on a cell or in a tissue- mono antibodies

A

1-monoclonal antibodies are made that will bind to the specific molecules your looking for
2-antibodies bound to fluorescent dye
3-If molecules are present monoclonal antibodies will bind to them and the dye helps detect them

29
Q

Monoclonal antibodies advantages and disadvantages

A

+chemotherapy and radiotherapy can effect normal body cells as well as cancer cells, monoclonal antibodies target specific cells(lower side effects)
+can be engineered to treat lots of conditions
+can produce mouse-human hybrid cells to reduce chance of immune system being triggered
-side effects:fever vomiting and low blood pressure = not as widely used
-trigger immune system
-expensive
-difficult to attach to drug

30
Q

3 things that can be bound to a monoclonal antibody to treat cancer

A

Radioactive substance
Toxic drug
Chemical which stops cancer cells growing

31
Q

Nitrate deficiency in plants

A

Nitrates are needed to make proteins for plant growth

=stunted growth

32
Q

Magnesium deficiency in plants

A

Magnesium ions make chlorophyll (needed for photosynthesis)

Yellow leaves/chlorosis

33
Q

Common signs of plant disease

A 
Stunted growth  
Spots   
Patches of decay
Abnormal growths  
Malformed stems or leaves
Discoloration
34
Q

Signs of pest infestations(aphids)

And how to identify them

A

Should be visible
1-look up signs in gardening manual or website
2-take infected plant into laboratory
3-use test kit that identifies pathogen (by monoclonal antibodies)

35
Q

Plant physical defenses

A
  • waxy cuticle =barrier
  • cell walls made from cellulose(physical barrier
  • layers of dead cells around stems like bark act as barrier
36
Q

Plant chemical defenses

A
  • some produce antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria

- some produce poisons which deter herbivores ( eg tobacco plants,foxglove and deadly nightshade)

37
Q

Plant Mechanical defenses

A
  • Thorns or hairs-stop animals touching and eating
  • reactive leaves (droop or curl)-knock insects off and move away from things
  • mimicry/mimic-tricks plants into not eating them(look like butterfly eggs or stones)
38
Q

Mmr vaccine

A

Measles rubella mumps

39
Q

Vaccination

A
  • Small amounts of dead or inactive pathogen
  • immune system develops antibodies
  • further infection dealt with quickly
40
Q

Herd immunity

A

Large percentage of population vaccinated

Small percentage protected as disease is hard to spread

41
Q

Why antibiotics don’t always work

A

Bacteria quickly mutate
Resistant strain grow and multiply
Natural selection
We use antibiotics too much

42
Q

Potassium deficiency in plants

A

Poor flower and fruit growth

43
Q

Low phosphates

A

Poor root growth and discoloration

Bi (14 decks)

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