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Advanced Pathophysiology > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 4 steps of infections?

A
  1. Colonization
  2. Invasion
  3. Multiplication
  4. Spread
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2
Q

What is colonization?

A

The ability of a pathogenic microorganism to survive and multiply on or within the human environment

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3
Q

What is invasion?

A

The ability of pathogens to cross surface barriers, including skin and mucous membranes. This may involve penetration such as a mosquito bite or a break in the integrity of the barrier such as trauma

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4
Q

What is multiplication?

A

Uses host nutrients and environment, or cell organelles for reproduction

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5
Q

What is spread?

A

Migrates locally or through bloodstream and lymphatics

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6
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The period from initial exposure to the infectious agent to the onset of the first symptoms. During this time, the microorganisms have entered the individual, undergone initial colonization, and begun multiplying but are in insufficient numbers to cause symptoms. This period can last from several hours to years.

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7
Q

What is the prodromal stage?

A

The occurrence of initial symptoms that are often mild. Pathogens continue to multiply at this stage.

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8
Q

What is the invasion period?

A

The pathogen is multiplying rapidly. The immune and inflammatory responses have been triggered. Symptoms may be specifically related to the pathogen or to the inflammatory response.

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9
Q

What is convalescence?

A

The individual’s immune and inflammatory systems have successfully removed the infectious agent and symptoms decline. Alternatively, the disease may be fatal or enter a latency phase with reactivation later.

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10
Q

What is communicability?

A

This is how effective the infection is at spreading from one individual to another. COVID-19, flu, and measles viruses have high communicability, while HIV has lower communicability.

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11
Q

What is immunogenicity?

A

The body’s ability to induce an immune response

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12
Q

What is infectivity?

A

How effective the pathogen is at establishing an infection

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13
Q

What is toxigenicity?

A

The ability to produce soluble toxins or endotoxins

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14
Q

What is an endemic, pandemic, and epidemic?

A
  1. Endemic: Disease with relatively high rates of infection within a particular population. Ex: Many tropical infections are endemic to countries in the tropics.
  2. Epidemic: Number of new infections in a particular population that greatly exceeds the number that is usually observed
  3. Pandemic: An epidemic that spreads over continents or worldwide
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15
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. Spherical bacteria are called cocci
  2. Rod-shaped bacteria are called bacilli
  3. Spiral-shaped bacteria are spirochetes
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16
Q

What do gram-positive bacteria contain and what do they look like?

A

Teichoic acid and peptidoglycan in their outer membranes and appear dark purple on gram stains

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17
Q

What do gram-negative bacteria contain and what do they look like?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their outer membranes and appear light pink on gram stains

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18
Q

What is the basic viral structure?

A

Nucleic acid is protected by a protein shell, the capsid. Many viruses are also surrounded by a protective envelope, which contains the viral proteins needed for attachment to host cells. Viruses also contain enzymes that drive viral replication.

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19
Q

What is the structure of fungi?

A

The cell walls of fungi are rigid, multilayered, and composed of polysaccharides. Because they don’t have peptidoglycans ( which bacteria have), they are able to resist the action of bacterial cell wall inhibitors, such as penicillin and cephalosporin.

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20
Q

What are the two types of fungi?

A

Fungi are large eukaryotic microorganisms with thick walls that have two basic structures:
1. Single-celled yeasts (spheres). Anaerobic in nature.
2. Multicellular molds (filaments or hyphae). Aerobic in nature

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21
Q

How is fever induced?

A

By specific cytokines (TNF-a and IL-1) that are released from neutrophils and macrophages. These are known as endogenous pyrogens.

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22
Q

What are exogenous pathogens?

A

Exogenous pyrogens are endotoxins produced by some bacteria

23
Q

What does pyrogen act on?

A

Pyrogen directly acts on the hypothalamus, the portion of the brain that controls the body’s thermostat.

24
Q

How can a fever be beneficial?

A

Many microorganisms are sensitive to small increases in body temperature. For example, the microorganisms causing syphilis or gonococcal urethritis are highly sensitive to small increases in body temperature.

25
Q

What are the three main classifications of streptococcal bacteria and how are they classified?

A

They are classified based on whether they can hemolyze red blood cells.
1. Alpha hemolytic strep
2. Beta hemolytic strep
3. Gamma hemolytic strep
They are also classified by the type of carbohydrate on their cell wall, these antigens are given letters A or B and are all gram-positive bacteria.

26
Q

What is alpha hemolytic strep?

A

This type of strep causes incomplete lysis (disruption) of RBC

27
Q

What is beta-hemolytic strep?

A

Causes complete lysis of RBC

28
Q

What is gamma hemolysis?

A

Nonhemolytic; does not cause destruction to RBCs

29
Q

What is group A beta-hemolytic streptococci?

A

AKA streptococcus pyogenes, meaning it causes fevers. This type of bacteria causes strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and post-strep glomerulonephritis. They produce capsules composed of hyaluronic acid which makes them resistant to phagocytosis (cells in our body that ingest bacteria). The M protein that protrudes from the cell wall protects it and any group A strep with this protein is extremely virulent.

30
Q

What is Streptolysin O?

A

Protein which destroys RBCs and WBCs. Our immune systems develop antibodies against this protein called antistreptolysin O.

31
Q

What is streptokinase?

A

Enzyme that activates plasmin which dissolves clots. This allows bacteria to escape from blood clots.

32
Q

What are the three exotoxins produced by this group of bacteria?

A

Exotoxin A, B, and C (A is the most understood)
Exotoxin A: The most virulent group of strep and causes scarlet fever and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Rapidly spreads through the lymphatic channels.

33
Q

What is group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteria?

A

This bacteria is carried vaginally and in the lower GI tract in approximately 25% of women and causes neonatal meningitis. Therefore, pregnant women should be screened for this bacterium.

34
Q

What are enterococci?

A

Enterococci are a form of streptococci bacteria. There are two types; enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium. They are part of the normal flora and are common causes of nosocomial infections (occurring in a hospital).

35
Q

What is the treatment for enterococci?

A

Combination of drug therapy of ampicillin and an aminoglycoside.

36
Q

What is staphylococcus aureus?

A

They are gram-positive bacteria that commonly cause hospital-acquired infections and skin and soft tissue infections. Part of our normal flora and is found on the nares and skin. MRSA is a form of this bacteria conferred by b-lactamase.

37
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

It produces protein A which binds with the IgG antibody and masks the bacteria from the antibody. It also produces a coagulase which produces clotting on the exterior portion of the bacteria again hiding it from the immune system.

38
Q

What is VRE?

A

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci is resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin. A common cause of nosocomial infections and is life-threatening.

39
Q

Where is E. coli found?

A

E.coli is found in the gut and is part of our normal flora.

40
Q

What is enteropathogenic E. coli?

A

causes diarrhea in infants in developing countries.

41
Q

What is enterotoxigenic E. coli?

A

Causes diarrhea in infants in developed countries and also causes traveler’s diarrhea.

42
Q

What is Shiga toxin-producing E. coli?

A

STEC produces a toxin that has been associated with hemorrhagic colitis.

43
Q

What is candida albicans?

A

Most common cause of fungal infection. It is part of the normal flora and is found on our skin, mucous membranes, and in the GI tract.

44
Q

What is the incubation and shedding period for influenza?

A

1-4 days is the incubation period while shedding is greatest in the first 3-5 days of infection.

45
Q

How is flu transmitted?

A

Through airborne respiratory droplets or with direct contact with infected hands or surfaces

46
Q

What is the structure of the flu virus?

A

Single-stranded RNA virus with three different types (A, B, and C).

47
Q

What is the incubation period of measles? Period of contagion?

A

6-19 days: incubation period
The period of contagiousness is from 5 days before the appearance of the first rash until 4 days after the rash has appeared.

48
Q

How is measles spread?

A

Via respiratory droplets and the virus can remain alive in the air or on surfaces for 2 hours after the person has left the room

49
Q

What are the three different types of COVID?

A

SARS CoV (first COVID)
MERS-CoV
SARS CoV 2 (latest 2019 COVID)

50
Q

What are the incubation periods for the three types of COVID?

A
  1. SARS CoV: 6 days
  2. MERS-CoV: 2-13 days
  3. SARS CoV 2: up to 14 days
51
Q

What is the pathophysiology behind COVID?

A
  1. Virus is inhaled
  2. Neuraminidase (a viral protein found on its envelope) degrades the protective mucous layer of the respiratory system
  3. Hemagglutinin (another viral protein found on its envelope) infects cells of the upper and lower respiratory system
  4. Causes necrosis and inflammation of respiratory cells
  5. Host is susceptible to bacterial pneumonia
52
Q

What is a major characteristic of measles?

A

A rash that usually starts as 1-3 mm white, grayish, or bluish papules with an erythematous base. Usually found on the buccal mucosa. Blanching rash that begins on the face and then spreads down and out to the extremities. Petechiae may be present and later turn into a rash that is no longer blanchable. The rash starts improving 48 hours after it appears.

53
Q

What is the structure of coronavirus?

A

Single-stranded RNA viruses that cause colds, lower respiratory tract infections, and gastroenteritis. Enveloped viruses that look crown-like under the microscope and spike proteins that protrude from the envelope are responsible for the virus infecting other cells.

54
Q

What is a major point of entry for coronavirus?

A

The virus attaches to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is an enzyme that attaches to the cell membranes in the lungs, arteries, kidneys, and intestines and this is where the virus enters through.

Advanced Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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