Exam 5: Disorder of Reproductive System

Question 1

Explain cervical cancer.

Answer 1

1. The highest prevalence is in developing countries but can occur in Hispanics first, African Americans second, and Caucasians third
2. commonly caused by HPV types 16 and 18
3. Clinical manifestations are typically absent but can look like post-coital vaginal bleeding, malodorous discharge, and abnormal uterine bleeding.

Question 2

Explain endometrial cancer.

Answer 2

1. Cancer of the endometrial lining
2. incidence is higher in Caucasians but more African Americans die from it
3. caused by prolonged estrogen exposure in the absence of progesterone
4. The hallmark sign is post-menopausal bleeding
5. The most common site of metastasis is to the lung

Question 3

Explain ovarian cancer.

Answer 3

1. ovarian cancer causes the most deaths related to the female reproductive system
2. genetic factors include mutations of the BRCA 1 and 2 suppressor genes and Tuner’s syndrome.
3. cancer will spread intra-abdominally over the peritoneum causing symptoms such as ascites, alterations in bowel movements, pelvic pain, and dyspepsia.
4. by the time it is diagnosed, the cancer is usually advanced and treatment is difficult

Question 4

Explain breast cancer.

Answer 4

1. The most common site of breast cancer is the upper outer quadrant of the breast
2. CM includes a painless lump, nipple retraction, dimpling of breast tissue, swollen axillary nodes, nipple eczema, and nipple discharge in nonlactating women

Question 5

Explain testicular cancer.

Answer 5

1. has a cure rate of 95% and is found more in Caucasian men 15-35 and men with hx of undescended testes
2. looks like a painless testicular mass that is slow growing. may have testicular heaviness or a dull ache in the lower abdomen. they commonly metastasize to the brain and lungs.
3. lymphoma presents as a testicular mass in men >50 and is a sign of mets from the lymphoma

Question 6

Explain benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 6

1. nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland.
2. as the gland enlarges it compresses the urethra resulting in outlet obstruction
3. signs include urgency, delay in starting urine flow, urinary retention, and an enlarged prostate felt on rectal exam

Question 7

Explain prostate cancer.

Answer 7

1. BRCA 1 and 2 are genes that are associated with the development of prostate cancer.
2. metastasis to the vertebrae and pelvic bones may happen