Infants and toddlers Flashcards
What is the rapid growth phase and development immediately following birth?
birthweight doubles by 4 months and triples by 1 year
What three areas contribute to the high metabolism of babies?
Higher bpm (heart rate), higher respiration per minute and greater energy needs per kg
What two physiological states limits the infant/ toddlers potential sources and types of nutrients?
Immature GI tract and kidneys.
How much weight gain is expected for an infant/toddler under 3 months?
200g per week
How much weight gain is expected for an infant/toddler at 3-6 months?
150g per week
How much weight gain is expected for an infant/toddler at 6-9 months?
100g per week
How much weight gain is expected for an infant/toddler at 9 to 12 months?
50-75g per week
At 0-1 years old what are the physical changes and abilities developed?
Rapid growth, hand-eye coordination, sitting, crawling, convey food to mouth, eruption of teeth.
At 1-2 years old what are the physical changes and abilities developed?
Walking, chewing, use of baby cup, manipulation of food items.
At 2-3 years old what are the physical changes and abilities developed?
Running and jumping, fine motor skills, use of cup, use of cutlery.
At 3-4 years old what are the physical changes and abilities developed?
Hopping, balancing, self-feeding.
At 4-5 years old what are the physical changes and abilities developed?
Adult range of dexterity.
At 0-1 years old what are the psychosocial changes and food-related behaviour?
Dependent on parent, good appetite, enjoys food.
At 1-2 years old what are the psychosocial changes and food-related behaviour?
Good appetite, enjoys food but less experimental, developing verbal communication skills.
At 2-3 years old what are the psychosocial changes and food-related behaviour?
Appetite slows, fluent speech, uses tantrums to influence behaviour of others.
At 3-4 years old what are the psychosocial changes and food-related behaviour?
Picky/faddy (strong dislike) eating, developed independent food preferences.
At 4-5 years old what are the psychosocial changes and food-related behaviour?
Receptive to attitudes of others, develops a circle of peers.
Why do we gradually introduce solid food into the diet of a baby who is still breast feeding/ drinking formula?
Critical period of rapid physical, neuro-cognitive and emotional development
To meet increased nutritional requirements
Energy cost of growth 4kcal/g weight gain (Torun 2005)
To develop muscles for speech development
(slide 2 of second infant toddler lecture)
When is solid food introduced into the diet of a breast feeding/ formula feeding baby?
When the -digestive system is ready. Department of health recommends exclusic breast feeding until 6 months (26 weeks).
What are the three signs that you will see when a baby is ready to start eating solid food?
Stay in a sitting position with head steady.
Co-ordinate eyes, hand and mouth so they can look at the food, pick it up and put it in their mouth by themselves.
Swallow food, babies who cant will push the food out so it will be around their mouth.
What foods are suitable for a 6 month not before 4 month baby?
Smooth puree foods.
Around 6 months what foods can they consume?
Thicker consistency with some lumps, soft finger foods (finger foods are cut into pieces big enough for baby to hold in fist and it sticks out the top).
Foods suitable for a 9-12 month year old baby?
Mashed, chopped, minced consistency and more finger foods (foods that are chopped into pieces the baby can hold in fist and it sticks out the top) than around 6 months.
Foods suitable for babies over 12 months?
Mashed, chopped family foods and a variety of finger foods.
What can help to make your baby less of a fussy eater?
Introducing baby to a wide range of foods reduce the risk of fussy eating later.
What foods are suitable for a baby which is weaning?
Family foods (without added salt) Fruit and vegetables Rice, pasta, potatoes, yam, bread and cereals Meat, fish, pulses and eggs Yoghurt, custard and cheese
How much salt can a weaning baby have? why? advice to do this?
Salt (max 1 g per day)
Kidneys unable to process
Limit processed foods and do not add salt
Why should a weaning baby limit sugar?
May lead to tooth decay and development of a sweet tooth. So should minimise frequency of sugar containing foods.
What is complementary feeding?
Weaning (getting a baby off milk)
What sweet food should babies avoid until there one and why?
Honey because there is a risk that contains bacteria that causes infant botulism.
What are three aquatic animals weaning infants should avoid consuming and why?
Shark, marlin and swordfish as they have high levels of mercury may affect the developing nervous system.
What type of eggs should a weaning baby not consume?
raw eggs (both white and yolk should be solid.
What should infant not eat until age 5 and why?
Whole nuts because they are a choking hazard.
What should be consumed for 6 months?
breastmilk/formula milk only for 6 months
What milks are suitable at 6-12 months?
Breastmilk/ formula milk alongside foo, small amounts of whole cow’s milk can be mixed with food
How long can breast milk be consumed?
For as long as both mother and baby want.
When can whole cow’s milk be given as a drink?
From year 1.
Three things that can occur due to delayed weaning?
Increased risk of iron deficiency
More difficult to accept lumpy foods
Reduced acceptance of foods in later childhood
