Adults Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of nutrition in adults?

A
  • Maintenance and repair
  • Avoid nutrient deficiencies (clinical and subclinical)
  • ‘Optimise health’ (i.e. focus on disease risk reduction rather than simply meeting nutritional requirements)
  • Minimise loss (older adults)
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2
Q

At what serum level of vitamin D is there a risk to musculoskeletal health? Why can’t a number be suggested for other risks to health?

A

The evidence overall suggests that the risk of poor
musculoskeletal health is increased at serum 25(OH)D
concentrations < 25 nmol/L.
Evidence for the proposed benefits of vitamin D on nonmusculoskeletal health outcomes is drawn mainly from
observational studies so findings might be due to reverse
causality (isssue is after the cause)

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3
Q

How many men are obese out of 10?

A

6

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4
Q

How many women are obese in 10?

A

5

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5
Q

What are some psychological issues associated with obesity?

A

Eating disorders, poor self-esteem, depression, poor body image, social isolation and stigmatisation.

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5
Q

What are some psychological issues associated with obesity?

A

Eating disorders, poor self-esteem, depression, poor body image, social isolation and stigmatisation.

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6
Q

Pulmonary issues associated with obessity?

A

Exercise intolerance (it’s an actual condition), obstructive sleep apnoea, asthma

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7
Q

Gastrointestinal issues associated with obesity?

A

Gastro-oesophageal reflux (acid reflux/ GERD), gallstones, non-alcoholic fatty liver disorder.

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8
Q

What are some renal(kidney) issues associated with obessity?

A

Glomerulosclerosis (scarring in the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys called the glomeruli)

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9
Q

What are some musculoskeletal issues associated with obessity?

A

Ankle sprains, flat feet, forearm fracture, Tibia vara (also known as genu varus and bow-leggedness), slipped capital femoral epiphysis (hip disorder with the growth plate)

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10
Q

What are the neurological issues associated with obesity?

A

pseudotumor cerebri/ idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pressure in the brain)

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11
Q

Cardiovascular diseases associated with obesity?

A

hypertension, dyslipidemia is elevation of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), or both, or a low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level that contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, coagulopathy (impaired blood clotting), chronic inflamation, endothelial dysfunction.

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12
Q

Endocrine disorders associated with obesity?

A

insulin resistance, impaired fasting glucose/ glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, precocious puberty (premature puberty), menstrual irregularities, polycystic ovary syndrome.

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13
Q

What factors have convincing evidence that they decrease obesity?

A

High intake of NSP (non-starch polysaccharides which is dietary fibre) and regular physical activity.

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14
Q

What factors have convincing evidence that they cause obesity?

A

sedentary life style, high intake of energy dense and micronutrient poor foods.

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15
Q

What factors probably decrease obesity?

A

Home and school environments for children that support healthy eating. breastfeeding.

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16
Q

What probably increases chances of obesity?

A

heavy marketing of energy dense food and fast food outlets, high intake of sugary soft drinks and fruit juices, adverse socioeconomic conditions (poor/ lower class) this is especially apparent in women in developed countries.

17
Q

Things you probably shouldn’t recommend to prevent obesity?

A

possible: low glycaemic index foods.
insufficient: increased eating frequency.

18
Q

What possibly has no influence on obesity?

A

protein content of diet.

19
Q

What cannot be said to be a cause of obesity?

A

Possibly: large food portions, high intake of food from outside the home (developed country), rigid restraint/ periodic disinhibition eating patterns.
Insufficient: alcohol

20
Q

Rates of d… is increasing?

A

Diabetes.

21
Q

What genetic factors put people at risk of type 2 diabetes?

A

People with a family history of diabetes and people with Asian/ African-Caribbean origin.

22
Q

What are factors that aren’t genetic which increase risk of type 2 diabetes?

A

People aged 40-75, people very overweight and women who have given birth to a large baby.

23
Q

There is convincing evidence that colon cancer can be reduced by what?

A

Physical activity.

24
Q

There is convincing evidence that what increases oesophagus, colorectum, breast (in postmenopausal women), endometrium(tissue that lines uterus) and kidney cancer?

A

overweight and obesity.

25
Q

There is convincing evidence that what increases risk of oral cavity (everywhere except back third of the togue), pharynx (throat), larynx (connects throat to the rest of of respiratory system), oesophagus, liver, breast cancer?

A

alcohol

26
Q

Aflatoxin has a convincing connection to what cancer?

A

Liver

27
Q

What has probable evidence that they decrease the chances of oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach and colorectum cancer?

A

Fruits and vegetables

28
Q

What probably reduces the chance of breast cancer?

A

Physical activity.

29
Q

What probably increases the chance nasopharynx cancer?

A

Chinese-style salted fish.

30
Q

What food probably increases the chances of colorectum cancer?

A

preserved meat.

31
Q

What foods probably increase the chance of stomach cancer?

A

Salt-preserved foods and salt.

32
Q

What foods probably increase the chance of oral cavity, pharynx and oesophagus cancer?

A

Very hot (thermally) drinks and foods

33
Q

What is premature menopause?

A

Reaching menopause before the age of 40.

34
Q

What causes menopause?

A

A change in the body’s sex hormones. Oestrogen levels decrease as a woman reaches
the menopause, which causes the ovaries to
stop producing an egg each month (ovulation).
Oestrogen is the female sex hormone that
regulates a woman’s periods.

35
Q

Changes that can occur in menopause?

A
Vasomotor instability (hot flushes), Metabolic Changes, Coronary Artery Disease, Accelerated bone loss, Skin changes, Urogenital atrophy (dry, inflamed thinning vagina)
• Cognition (?)
• Libido (?)
36
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A condition of fragility, with decreased bone
mass and microarchitectural deterioration
both contributing to the fragility. In females oestrogen plays an important role.

37
Q

What is type 1 osteoporosis?

A

Mainly trabecular bone loss: fractures wrist and
spine: age group 50-75: sex ratio 6F:1M
– Trabecular bone undergoes higher turnover rate
than cortical bone

38
Q

What is type 2 osteoporosis?

A

– Cortical and trabecular bone loss: fractures of

spine and hip:age group 70+: sex ratio 2F:1M

39
Q

What are the nutritional factors involved in osteoporosis part 1?

A

Protein malnutrition (low protein diets
linked to  IGF-I, loss of BMD and muscle
weakness)
• Low vitamin D (poor diet and  synthesis
in skin, decreased Ca absorption)
• Low K and fruit and vegetable intake
(alkaline producing dietary components
maintain BMD)
• Mg intake (Mg ↑ bone formation and
dynamic strength and ↓ bone resorption)
• Vitamin C (cofactor in the hydroxylation of
lysine and proline. Hydroxylation important
in the formation of cross-links in collagen)

40
Q

What are the nutritional factors involved in osteoporosis part 2?

A

High dietary Na intake (increased urinary
excretion of Na and Ca, PTH,  bone
loss)
• Vitamin K – low intake linked to  risk of
hip fracture; γ-carboxylation of osteocalcin;
inverse relationship between undercarboxylated osteocalcin and BMD
• Zn – appetite regulation
• Mn, Cu – enzyme co-factors for synthesis
and modification of bone-matrix proteins
• Phytoestrogens – interaction with the
estrogen receptor, have demonstrated
small protective effects