Infant Reflexes Flashcards by Elizabeth Dernell

Stimulus for the Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)

Head position, turned to one side

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Response of Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)

Arm and leg on face side are extended
Arm and leg on scalp side are flexed
Spine curved with convexity toward face side

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Normal age of response of Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)

Birth to 6 months

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If Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR) abnormally persists

Interferes with:
Feeding
Visual tracking
Midline use of hands
Bilateral hand use
Rolloing
Development of crawling
Can lead to skeletal deformities (ex. scoliosis, hip subluxation, hip dislocation)

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Stimulus for the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR)

Head position, flexion or extension

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Response of Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR)

When head is in flexion, arms flexed, legs extended
When head is in extension, arms extended, legs flexed
(arms copy head movement, LE do opposite)

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Normal age of response for Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR)

6-8 months

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If Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) abnormally persists

Interferes with:
Ability to prop on arms in prone position
Attaining and maintaining hand-and-knees position
Crawling reciprocally
Sitting balance when looking around
Use of hand when looking at object in hands in sitting position

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Stimulus of Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR)

Position of labyrinth in inner ear- reflected in head position

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Response of Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR)

In the supine position, body and extremities are held in extension
In the prone position, body and extremities are held in flexion

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Normal age of response for Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR)

birth to 6 months

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If Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR) abnormally persists

Interferes with:
Ability to initiate rolling
Ability to prop on elbows with extended hips when prone
Ability to flex trunk and hips to come to sitting position from supine position
Often causes full body extension, which interferes with balance in sitting or standing

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Stimulus for Galant Reflex

Touch to skin along spine from shoulder to hip

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Response of Galant Reflex

Lateral flexion of trunk to side of stimulus

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Normal age of response for Galant Reflex

30 wks gestation to 2 months

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If Galant Reflex abnormally persists

Interferes with:
Development of sitting balance
Can lead to scoliosis

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Stimulus for Palmar Grasp reflex

pressure in palm on ulnar side of the hand

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Response of Palmar Grasp reflex

flexion of fingers causing strong grip

Normal age of response for Palmar Grasp reflex

birth to 4 months

If Palmar Grasp reflex abnormally pesists

Interferes with:

ability to grasp and release objects voluntarily
Weight bearing on open hand for propping, crawling, protective responses

Stimulus for Plantar Grasp reflex

pressure to base of toes

Response of Plantar Grasp reflex

toe flexion

Normal age of response for Plantar Grasp

28 weeks of gestation to 9 months

If Plantar Grasp reflex abnormally persists

Interferes with:

Ability to stand with feet flat on surface
Balance reactions and weight shifting in standing

Stimulus for rooting reflex

touch on cheek

Response of rooting relfex

turning head to same side with mouth open

Normal age of response for rooting reflex

28 weeks of gestation to 3 months

If rooting reflex abnormally persists

Interferes with: - oral-motor development - development of midline control of head - optical righting, visual tracking and social interaction

Stimulus for moro reflex

head dropping into extension suddenly for a few inches

Response of the moro reflex

arms abduct with fingers open, then cross trunk into adduction; cry

Normal age of response for moro reflex

28 weeks of gestation to 5 months

If moro reflex abnormally persists

Interferes with: - balance reactions in sitting - protective responses in sitting - Eye-hand coordination, visual, tracking

Stimulus for startle reflex

loud, sudden noise

response for startle reflex

similar to moro response, but elbows remain flexed and hands closed

Normal age of response for startle reflex

28 weeks of gestation to 5 months

If startle reflex abnormally persists

Interferes with: - sitting balance - protective responses in sitting - Eye-hand coordination, visual tracking - Social interaction, attention

Stimulus for positive support reflex

weight placed on balls of feet when upright

Response for positive support reflex

stiffening of legs and trunk into extension

Normal age of response for positive support reflex

35 weeks gestation to 2 months

If positive support reflex persists

Interferes with: - standing and walking - balance reactions and weight shifting in standing - can lead to contractures of ankles into plantar flexion

Stimulus for walking (stepping) reflex

supported upright position with soles of feet on firm surface

Response for walking (stepping) reflex

reciprocal flexion/extension of legs

Normal age of response of walking/stepping reflex

38 weeks of gestation to 2 months

If walking (stepping) reflex abnormally persists

Interferes with: - standing and walking - balance reactions and weight shifting in standing - development of smooth, coordinated reciprocal movements of lower extremities