Infant Nutrition Flashcards
what does breastfeeding reduce the risk of during infancy?
- acute otitis media
- atopic dermatitis
- gastrointestinal infections
- lower respiratory tract diseases
- asthma
- SIDS
beyond infancy, what does breastfeeding protect against?
- obesity
- cardiovascular disease
- auto-immune disease
- type 1 and type 2 diabetes
- childhood leukemia
what does breastmilk contain that formula does not?
living cells
hormones
antibodies
enzymes
what are risks that are increased by feeding children formula?
- asthma
- allergies
- nutrient deficiency
- childhood cancers
- chronic diseases
- obesity
- SIDS
- dental malformations
- gastroenteritis/diarrhea
- ear infections
- respiratory infections
- reduced cognition (recent studies have called this into question)
what does breastfeeding reduce the risk of for mothers?
- breast cancer
- ovarian cancer
- osteoporosis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- diabetes
- obesity
- reduced natural child spacing (hahahahahah)
- developing anemia
- hip fractures in older age
does breastfeeding offer protection against necrotizing enterocolitis?
yes
why is breastmilk ideal for preterm infants?
has more protein, fat, antibodies, and lactoferrin than mature milk making it more suited to their needs than formula
why does breastmilk help with intestinal health of infants?
- helps with maturation of intestinal lining of infants because of epidermal growth factor present in breast milk
- helps to strengthen barriers to antigens
- IgA protects gut from absorbing antigens
why is fresh breastmilk better than frozen?
freezing destroys leukocytes
what are some ways partners can support breastfeeding?
- setting the family tone by creating a positive atmosphere towards breastfeeding
- give support and encouragement to mother
- provide practical help
- build a relationship with baby
what are some common conditions that can affect breastfeeding mothers?
- sore nipples
- engorgement
- blocked ducts
- mastitis
what is the most common issue new moms have and one of the most common reasons breastfeeding is stopped sooner than intended?
-sore nipples
what are the most common causes of sore nipples during breastfeeding?
- incorrect latching
- incorrect positioning
what are some ways to stimulate letdown?
- breastfeed in calm and relaxed environment, ideally responding to infant cues before baby cries to keep things calm
- use skin-to-skin when possible
- gently massage until letdown occurs
- stimulate nipples/express small amount
what is engorgement?
- when mammary glands become congested with milk, bloody and lymph
- makes it difficult for milk to flow
- breast will eventually become hot, hard, and painful
- have tight and shiny appearance
- it is abnormal
- can decrease milk production because of feedback inhibition of lactation
what are the differences between engorgement and breast fullness
- breast fullness is normal, engorgment is not
- fullness usually starts when milk comes in at 2-6 days postpartum, engorgement usually occurs slightly later t 3-6 days but can happen at other times
- fullness breast still feel soft when pressed, but engorgement they are not compressable and may have generalized tightness and pain
- fullness doesn’t cause pain or fever but engorgmentcan
what are some ways to prevent engorgement?
- breastfeed frequently, even during night
- before feedings apply heat, massage breasts, express some milk to help latching
- inbetween feedings, use analgesic to comfort, cold to relieve edema, wear support for breasts but not too tight
what are blocked milk ducts?
- when one or more of collecting ducts in breast becomes plugged with cells and other breastmilk components
- contributing factors include milk stasis and external pressure applied to a specific area (like by a bra or tight clothing, or even laying down)
what are some ways a mother can treat a blocked duct?
- frequent feedings to remove milk
- ensure good latch and offer blocked side first
- check clothing for fit
when should a blocked duct be assessed by a medical professional?
- when a fever has be present more than 24 hours or is about 38 degrees
- if symptoms do not subside within 24 hours of frequent and effective feeding/expression
- if condition worsens
what is mastitis?
- an inflammatory condition of the breast which may or may not be accompanied by infection
- may be triggered by engorgement or sore/cracked nipples
- if flu-like symptoms and fever are present, may need antibiotic treatment
how can you tell if baby is getting enough milk?
number of soiled diapers should be 6-10 with urine, 3 with stool from 6 days onward
how frequently should an infant breastfeed?
- about q2-3 hours minimum, at least q4h
- whenever they want to
how frequently should a formula fed infant eat?
- q3-4hours
- most drink a 60-120mL bottle during first month of life increasing up to 180-240mL at a time
- at least 8 times a day
what are some cues a baby is hungry?
- rooting
- placing fingers or hand in mouth
- suckin
- lip smacking
- waking
- squirming, stretching and searching
- crying
how does iron absorption differ between breastmilk and formula?
about 50% of iron from breastmilk is absorbed while only about 4% of iron from formula is
what positioning is appropriate for formula feeding?
- similar to breast, good alignment and close to parent
- child should have head higher than body to keep formula from washing back into eustachian tubes in ears which can cause infection
- sing or talk to baby
- feed in relaxing or quiet setting
what are signs an infant is ready to have solids introduced?
- ideally after 6 months of age (4 months at minimum)
- able to consume 1000mL of formula or breastmilk a day
- can sit up with minimal support
- reduction in protrusion reflux so food can go to back of throat
- demonstrates interest in food
- ability to open mouth automatically when food approaches it
what are some rules for introducing solid foods?
- one new, single ingredient at a time, with at least 3-5 days in between
- infants should pace how fast and much they wish to eat
- relaxed and unhurried atmosphere
- variety of foods to ensure balanced diet
what is prolactin’s role in breastfeeding?
prolactin causes milk production
produced in anterior pituitary gland
levels peak in middle of the night
can make mom sleepy or euphoric
what is oxytocin’s role in breastfeeding?
responsible for letdown (turns on tap)
produced in posterior pituitary gland
can cause uterine contractions and helps get tummy back into shape
increases thirst and can cause a warm or flushed feeling
after the fourth day of life, how much weight should a baby gain daily?
20-35 grams
What are ha caloric needs of a child less than 6 months old?
110-120 Kcal/kg/day
