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Nursing Obstetrics & Pediatrics > growth and development > Flashcards

growth and development Flashcards

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1
Q

what ages are defined as infancy?

A

0-12 months

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2
Q

what ages are defined as toddlerhood?

A

1-2 years

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3
Q

what ages are defined as preschool?

A

3-5 years

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4
Q

what ages are defined as school age?

A

6-12 years

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5
Q

what ages are defined as adolescence?

A

12-18 years

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6
Q

what are the four characteristics of attachment according to Bowlby?

A
  • proximity maintenance
  • safe haven
  • secure base
  • separation/anxiety
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7
Q

what is the primary pathway to secure attachment?

A

-parental sensitivity to an infant’s cues and signals as well as appropriate and consistent response to those signals

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8
Q

what are behaviors that influence secure attachment?

A
  • sensitive responding
  • comforting a distressed child
  • repair the relationship
  • reciprocity (adapting to the child’s needs)
  • protecting
  • child led play
  • closeness
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9
Q

how can nurses promote attachment?

A
  • encourage skin-to-skin when child is born
  • encouraging families to provide care
  • providing support to families so they can be there for their children and be empowered to care for them
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10
Q

what did Bowlby identify in his attachment theory?

A
  • that infants need one special relationship for internal development
  • successful attachment to one person facilitates the child to learn to cue their behavior to the subtle social cues of many
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11
Q

what does Bowlby assert attachment in early life allows children to do as they grow?

A
  • develop the ability to engage in social relationships
  • make friends
  • eventually attain physical intimacy
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12
Q

what is growth?

A

the quantitative changes a child goes through (increase in height, weight, head circumference, and blood pressure)

  • it is a systematic and orderly process
  • goes in cephalocaudal direction and proximal to distal
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13
Q

what is development?

A

a complex, qualitative increase in capabilities and increase in skill/ability to perform certain tasks

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14
Q

what are factors that affect growth and development?

A
  • genetics and heredity (temperament, gender, intelligence)
  • health & nutrition
  • environment
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15
Q

what are gross motor development milestones for an infant

A
  • newborns can barely lift their head
  • at 2 months, can lift head 45 degrees, but needs help to sit
  • at 4 months can lift head between 45-90 degrees and turn from abdomen to back
  • at 6 months can lift chest and upper abdomen, may sit in tripod position, turns from back to abdomen
  • at8 months can sit without support and engage in play
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16
Q

how does development proceed?

A
  • from simple to complex
  • general to specific
  • cephalocaudal and proximodistal progression
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17
Q

what is fine motor?

A

the ability to coordinate hand movements

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18
Q

what is gross motor?

A

large body movements

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19
Q

what is proximodistal progression?

A

from center of body out towards extremities

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20
Q

what is cephalocaudal progression?

A

from head down through body towards feet

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21
Q

what are the fine motor development milestones for an infant?

A
  • 2-4 months can hold rattle when placed in hand, looks at hands and brings hand to midline
  • 6 months can perform palmar grasp (uses entire hand to pick up an object)
  • 9 months uses pincer grasp (thumb and forefinger)
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22
Q

what are some speech and language milestones for an infant?

A
  • 1-2 months coos
  • 2-6 months laughs and squeels
  • 8-9 months babbles and makes two syllable sounds
  • 10-12 months mamma/dadda specific
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23
Q

how do infants play?

A

solitary play

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24
Q

what are some potential red flags related to infant development?

A
  • floppy tone when picked up (hypotonic)
  • not smiling by 4 months of age
  • not bringing both hands to midline by 10 months
  • frequently have hands in fist position after 6 months
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25
Q

what is typical height advancement for an infant?

A

2.5 cm/month

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26
Q

what is typical weight advancement for an infant?

A

doubles weight by 6 months, triples birth weight by a year

27
Q

when do an infants first teeth erupt?

A

about 6 months of age

28
Q

what is the average weight gain between 2 and 6 months of age?

A

140-210 grams week

29
Q

what kind of social development is normal for toddlers (1-3 yr olds)

A
  • begin to demonstrate independence
  • helps in house
  • feeds self
30
Q

what are the normal fine motor developments of toddlers?

A
  • transfers objects from one hand to other (12 months)
  • can hold crayon, color, build tower of 6 blocks (24 months)
  • copies a circle, colors in the lines (36 months)
31
Q

what are normal gross motor development milestones in a toddler?

A
  • begins to walk with ease
  • runs
  • kicks and throws a ball
  • jumps
32
Q

what are some language and cognitive milestones of toddlers?

A
  • 18-20 months have 20-30 words, 50% understood by strangers
  • 22-24 month uses 2 word sentences, more than 50 words and 75% is understood by strangers
  • 30-36 months almost all speech is understood by strangers
33
Q

what style of play do toddlers use?

A

parallel play (play alongside other children, but don’t interact with the other children)

mimic behavior of caregiver

play pretend

34
Q

what are some potential red flags related to the development of a toddler?

A
  • not walking by 18 months
  • unaware of changes in the environment or routine
  • not responding to noise, sounds, or familiar voices
  • not engaging in appropriate play
35
Q

what can delay a child’s ability to roll over?

A

being held too much

36
Q

what are some developmental milestones of preschool aged children?

A
  • button clothing
  • use scissors
  • play board games
  • draw a picture
  • start printing letters around 5 years of age
  • able to draw a person with some body parts
37
Q

what style of play do preschool age children use?

A

associative (play with other children)

38
Q

what are some potential red flags related to development of preschool aged children?

A
  • aggressiveness
  • inability to play with others
  • inability to follow simple direction
  • inability to complete self care tasks
39
Q

how are school aged children communicating if normally developing?

A
  • lingering communication issues like grammatical or pronunciations should be corrected
  • start to have mature use of language
40
Q

what kind of gross motor development are school aged children anticipated to have?

A
  • able to join team sports
  • more coordinated
  • less falls
41
Q

what kind of cognitive changes are typical of school aged children?

A
  • longer attention span
  • more self-directed
  • reading
  • writing
  • reach concrete operational stage
  • consider solutions and solve problems
  • learn conservation
42
Q

what are some potential red flags related to the development of school aged children?

A
  • lack of friends and peer involvement
  • academic failure
  • aggressive behavior
  • bullying
  • fighting
  • setting fires
  • abusive to animals
  • overt and aggressive sexual behavior
43
Q

what are some red flags related to the development of adolescent children?

A
  • withdrawal
  • inappropriate anger
  • addiction
  • eating disorders
  • suicidal ideation
44
Q

how much do weight do girls typically gain over 2-3 years during adolescence

A

7-25 kg

45
Q

how much do weight do boys typically gain over 2-3 years during adolescence

A

7-29.5 kg

46
Q

what kind of theory did Erikson purpose?

A
  • a theory of psychosocial development
  • most widely accepted theory of how personality is developed
  • focuses on key conflicts that need to be mastered/resolved during critical periods in personality development
47
Q

how many stages are in Erikson’s theory?

A

8 (but only first 5 really apply to childhood)

48
Q

what are the stages that apply to childhood from Erikson’s theory?

A 
trust vs. mistrust (1 year old)
autonomy vs. shame (1-3 year old)
initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 year old)
industry vs inferiority (6-12 year old)
identity vs role confusion (12-adulthood)
intimacy vs isolation (teens - adults)
49
Q

what happens in trust vs. mistrust stage?

A

trust - like secure attachment, feeling hope, faith and optimism

mistrust develops when basic needs are not met

50
Q

what happens in the autonomy vs shame stage?

A

occurs around 1-3 years old

  • development of control over self and environment characterized by will
  • want to do things for themselves
  • positive outcomes are self-control and will-power
  • negative is if child is labeled as inadequate or bad and child learns to feel self doubt and shame
51
Q

what occurs during initiative vs guilt stage?

A
  • 3-6 years of age
  • exerting independence - if given positive reinforcement and support, child becomes creative, learns to play, cooperate and to lead
  • if feels guilt, child becomes fearful and dependent with restricted imagination
  • important to help children at this age learn not to infringe on rights of others while exerting their own!
52
Q

what happens in the industry vs inferiority stage?

A
  • occurs at 6-12 years of age
  • kids are comparing themselves to their peers
  • when it occurs in a positive and successful manner, they move forward
  • if they don’t feel good about themselves or caregivers are neglectful, can feel inferior
  • inferiority can develop if pushed too hard too
  • industry is wanting to engage in tasks and activities they can carry to completion, work on mastering skills
  • develop competence
53
Q

what happens in identity vs. role confusion stage?

A
  • 12 years -adulthood
  • pondering “who am I? what is my role?”
  • sorting out role s with peers and society, integrating these into their identity
  • successful outcome is devotion and fidelity as well as values and ideologies
54
Q

what kind of theory did Piaget purpose?

A
  • a theory of cognitive development
  • believed a child’s view of the world is influenced largely by age and maturational development
  • child incorporates new experiences by assimilation and changes by process of accommodation
55
Q

what are Piaget’s stages?

A

sensorimotor (birth-2)
preoperational (2-7)
concrete thought (7-11)
formal operational (12-18)

56
Q

what occurs in the sensorimotor stage?

A
  • birth-2 years
  • infants explore things around them with their senses
  • progress from reflex to simple and repetative behaviores to imitative behaviors
  • develop sense of cause and effect through trial and error
  • have an egocentric view of the world
  • beginning sense of differentiation between self and environment
  • become aware of object permanence
57
Q

what happens in the preoperational stage?

A
  • 2-7 years
  • start to experience world around them in different ways
  • cause and effect still not well developed
  • egocentric still, but developing awareness of others
  • still unable to put self into other’s shoes
  • use imaginary play
  • may interpret two events occurring together as related whether they are or arent
58
Q

what happens in concrete thought stage?

A
  • 7-11 years
  • think about things not just right in front of you
  • thought becomes increasingly logical and coherent
  • able to sort, order, classify and organize facts about the world
  • more accurate understanding of cause and effect
  • can reason with concrete things
  • become less self-centered and consider views other than their own
59
Q

what happens in the -prformal operational stage?

A
  • 12-18 years
  • logic is well formed
  • understand past, present, and future
  • abstract thinking is developed
  • adaptability and flexibility of thought
  • can think of philosophic matters
  • most contradictions can be dealt with and/or resolved
60
Q

what is Kholberg’s theory?

A

-a moral development theory

61
Q

what are the stages of Kholberg’s theory?

A
  • preconventional (4-7)
  • conventional (7-12)
  • postconventional (12-adulthood)
62
Q

what happens in preconventional stage?

A

-decisions are based on the desire to please others and avoid punishment

63
Q

what happens in the conventional stage?

A
  • conscience or internal set of standards become important
  • rules must be followed to please others and be good
  • value maintenance of family, group, and national standards
  • knows and follows rules
64
Q

what happens in the postconventional stage?

A
  • 12 years +
  • individual has internalized ethical standards on which they base decisions
  • social responsibility recognized
  • self-chosen ethical principles guide decisions of conscience
  • know rules, can follow them - but know they may not be fair and may choose not to follow them

Nursing Obstetrics & Pediatrics (26 decks)

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