growth and development Flashcards
what ages are defined as infancy?
0-12 months
what ages are defined as toddlerhood?
1-2 years
what ages are defined as preschool?
3-5 years
what ages are defined as school age?
6-12 years
what ages are defined as adolescence?
12-18 years
what are the four characteristics of attachment according to Bowlby?
- proximity maintenance
- safe haven
- secure base
- separation/anxiety
what is the primary pathway to secure attachment?
-parental sensitivity to an infant’s cues and signals as well as appropriate and consistent response to those signals
what are behaviors that influence secure attachment?
- sensitive responding
- comforting a distressed child
- repair the relationship
- reciprocity (adapting to the child’s needs)
- protecting
- child led play
- closeness
how can nurses promote attachment?
- encourage skin-to-skin when child is born
- encouraging families to provide care
- providing support to families so they can be there for their children and be empowered to care for them
what did Bowlby identify in his attachment theory?
- that infants need one special relationship for internal development
- successful attachment to one person facilitates the child to learn to cue their behavior to the subtle social cues of many
what does Bowlby assert attachment in early life allows children to do as they grow?
- develop the ability to engage in social relationships
- make friends
- eventually attain physical intimacy
what is growth?
the quantitative changes a child goes through (increase in height, weight, head circumference, and blood pressure)
- it is a systematic and orderly process
- goes in cephalocaudal direction and proximal to distal
what is development?
a complex, qualitative increase in capabilities and increase in skill/ability to perform certain tasks
what are factors that affect growth and development?
- genetics and heredity (temperament, gender, intelligence)
- health & nutrition
- environment
what are gross motor development milestones for an infant
- newborns can barely lift their head
- at 2 months, can lift head 45 degrees, but needs help to sit
- at 4 months can lift head between 45-90 degrees and turn from abdomen to back
- at 6 months can lift chest and upper abdomen, may sit in tripod position, turns from back to abdomen
- at8 months can sit without support and engage in play
how does development proceed?
- from simple to complex
- general to specific
- cephalocaudal and proximodistal progression
what is fine motor?
the ability to coordinate hand movements
what is gross motor?
large body movements
what is proximodistal progression?
from center of body out towards extremities
what is cephalocaudal progression?
from head down through body towards feet
what are the fine motor development milestones for an infant?
- 2-4 months can hold rattle when placed in hand, looks at hands and brings hand to midline
- 6 months can perform palmar grasp (uses entire hand to pick up an object)
- 9 months uses pincer grasp (thumb and forefinger)
what are some speech and language milestones for an infant?
- 1-2 months coos
- 2-6 months laughs and squeels
- 8-9 months babbles and makes two syllable sounds
- 10-12 months mamma/dadda specific
how do infants play?
solitary play
what are some potential red flags related to infant development?
- floppy tone when picked up (hypotonic)
- not smiling by 4 months of age
- not bringing both hands to midline by 10 months
- frequently have hands in fist position after 6 months
what is typical height advancement for an infant?
2.5 cm/month
what is typical weight advancement for an infant?
doubles weight by 6 months, triples birth weight by a year
when do an infants first teeth erupt?
about 6 months of age
what is the average weight gain between 2 and 6 months of age?
140-210 grams week
what kind of social development is normal for toddlers (1-3 yr olds)
- begin to demonstrate independence
- helps in house
- feeds self
what are the normal fine motor developments of toddlers?
- transfers objects from one hand to other (12 months)
- can hold crayon, color, build tower of 6 blocks (24 months)
- copies a circle, colors in the lines (36 months)
what are normal gross motor development milestones in a toddler?
- begins to walk with ease
- runs
- kicks and throws a ball
- jumps
what are some language and cognitive milestones of toddlers?
- 18-20 months have 20-30 words, 50% understood by strangers
- 22-24 month uses 2 word sentences, more than 50 words and 75% is understood by strangers
- 30-36 months almost all speech is understood by strangers
what style of play do toddlers use?
parallel play (play alongside other children, but don’t interact with the other children)
mimic behavior of caregiver
play pretend
what are some potential red flags related to the development of a toddler?
- not walking by 18 months
- unaware of changes in the environment or routine
- not responding to noise, sounds, or familiar voices
- not engaging in appropriate play
what can delay a child’s ability to roll over?
being held too much
what are some developmental milestones of preschool aged children?
- button clothing
- use scissors
- play board games
- draw a picture
- start printing letters around 5 years of age
- able to draw a person with some body parts
what style of play do preschool age children use?
associative (play with other children)
what are some potential red flags related to development of preschool aged children?
- aggressiveness
- inability to play with others
- inability to follow simple direction
- inability to complete self care tasks
how are school aged children communicating if normally developing?
- lingering communication issues like grammatical or pronunciations should be corrected
- start to have mature use of language
what kind of gross motor development are school aged children anticipated to have?
- able to join team sports
- more coordinated
- less falls
what kind of cognitive changes are typical of school aged children?
- longer attention span
- more self-directed
- reading
- writing
- reach concrete operational stage
- consider solutions and solve problems
- learn conservation
what are some potential red flags related to the development of school aged children?
- lack of friends and peer involvement
- academic failure
- aggressive behavior
- bullying
- fighting
- setting fires
- abusive to animals
- overt and aggressive sexual behavior
what are some red flags related to the development of adolescent children?
- withdrawal
- inappropriate anger
- addiction
- eating disorders
- suicidal ideation
how much do weight do girls typically gain over 2-3 years during adolescence
7-25 kg
how much do weight do boys typically gain over 2-3 years during adolescence
7-29.5 kg
what kind of theory did Erikson purpose?
- a theory of psychosocial development
- most widely accepted theory of how personality is developed
- focuses on key conflicts that need to be mastered/resolved during critical periods in personality development
how many stages are in Erikson’s theory?
8 (but only first 5 really apply to childhood)
what are the stages that apply to childhood from Erikson’s theory?
trust vs. mistrust (1 year old) autonomy vs. shame (1-3 year old) initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 year old) industry vs inferiority (6-12 year old) identity vs role confusion (12-adulthood) intimacy vs isolation (teens - adults)
what happens in trust vs. mistrust stage?
trust - like secure attachment, feeling hope, faith and optimism
mistrust develops when basic needs are not met
what happens in the autonomy vs shame stage?
occurs around 1-3 years old
- development of control over self and environment characterized by will
- want to do things for themselves
- positive outcomes are self-control and will-power
- negative is if child is labeled as inadequate or bad and child learns to feel self doubt and shame
what occurs during initiative vs guilt stage?
- 3-6 years of age
- exerting independence - if given positive reinforcement and support, child becomes creative, learns to play, cooperate and to lead
- if feels guilt, child becomes fearful and dependent with restricted imagination
- important to help children at this age learn not to infringe on rights of others while exerting their own!
what happens in the industry vs inferiority stage?
- occurs at 6-12 years of age
- kids are comparing themselves to their peers
- when it occurs in a positive and successful manner, they move forward
- if they don’t feel good about themselves or caregivers are neglectful, can feel inferior
- inferiority can develop if pushed too hard too
- industry is wanting to engage in tasks and activities they can carry to completion, work on mastering skills
- develop competence
what happens in identity vs. role confusion stage?
- 12 years -adulthood
- pondering “who am I? what is my role?”
- sorting out role s with peers and society, integrating these into their identity
- successful outcome is devotion and fidelity as well as values and ideologies
what kind of theory did Piaget purpose?
- a theory of cognitive development
- believed a child’s view of the world is influenced largely by age and maturational development
- child incorporates new experiences by assimilation and changes by process of accommodation
what are Piaget’s stages?
sensorimotor (birth-2)
preoperational (2-7)
concrete thought (7-11)
formal operational (12-18)
what occurs in the sensorimotor stage?
- birth-2 years
- infants explore things around them with their senses
- progress from reflex to simple and repetative behaviores to imitative behaviors
- develop sense of cause and effect through trial and error
- have an egocentric view of the world
- beginning sense of differentiation between self and environment
- become aware of object permanence
what happens in the preoperational stage?
- 2-7 years
- start to experience world around them in different ways
- cause and effect still not well developed
- egocentric still, but developing awareness of others
- still unable to put self into other’s shoes
- use imaginary play
- may interpret two events occurring together as related whether they are or arent
what happens in concrete thought stage?
- 7-11 years
- think about things not just right in front of you
- thought becomes increasingly logical and coherent
- able to sort, order, classify and organize facts about the world
- more accurate understanding of cause and effect
- can reason with concrete things
- become less self-centered and consider views other than their own
what happens in the -prformal operational stage?
- 12-18 years
- logic is well formed
- understand past, present, and future
- abstract thinking is developed
- adaptability and flexibility of thought
- can think of philosophic matters
- most contradictions can be dealt with and/or resolved
what is Kholberg’s theory?
-a moral development theory
what are the stages of Kholberg’s theory?
- preconventional (4-7)
- conventional (7-12)
- postconventional (12-adulthood)
what happens in preconventional stage?
-decisions are based on the desire to please others and avoid punishment
what happens in the conventional stage?
- conscience or internal set of standards become important
- rules must be followed to please others and be good
- value maintenance of family, group, and national standards
- knows and follows rules
what happens in the postconventional stage?
- 12 years +
- individual has internalized ethical standards on which they base decisions
- social responsibility recognized
- self-chosen ethical principles guide decisions of conscience
- know rules, can follow them - but know they may not be fair and may choose not to follow them
