infant nutrition Flashcards
wt changes in first yr of life
- double by 4-6 mo
- triple by 1 yr
A well, term infant needs ~ ____ kcal/kg/day
100
infants need a higher percentage of kcal from ____ d/t their fast growth
fat
why is human milk preferred to formula or cows milk in terms of protein needs?
- human is better quality than formula; 70 whey/30 casein
- overall lower in protein than cows milk so its less taxing for their kidney
all parents breastfeeding should provide which 3 supplements? when?
- vitamin D 400IU in 1st wk
- fluoride & iron by 4-6months
- Assists over 300 enzymes
- Essential for growth and development
- Immune healing
- Wound healing
- Taste
which nutrient
zinc
All infants should receive a single intramuscular dose of which vitamin shortly after birth to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
Vitamin K
how long is exclusive breastfeeding recommended
6 months
benefits of breastfeeding for the birthing parent
- increased oxytocin helps w uterine involution
- earlier return to pre-preg. wt
- lactational amenorrhea
- less CV risk and cancer risk and T2DM risk
which 3 infections makes breastfeeding C/i
- HIV and human T-cell lymphotropic vicrus 1 and 2
- active TB
- herpetic breast lesions
which 3 infections makes breastfeeding C/i
- HIV and human T-cell lymphotropic vicrus 1 and 2
- active TB
- herpetic breast lesions
what stage of lactogenesis does this apply to
- mid pregnany
- gland competent
- lactose in blood and urine
- slight leakage of colostrum
stage 1
what stage of lactogenesis does this apply to
- postpartum
- change from small volumes of colostrum to copious amounts of milk
- triggered by fall in progesterone and elevated prolactin
stage 2
this happens when regular milk removal stops
- decrease in prolactin
- mammary gland returns to pre-pregnancy state
involution
acute phase protein with antimicrobial activity in breast milk
lactoferrin
found in breast milk; supports growth of nonpathogenic Lactobacillus in the gut, which prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria
bifidus factor
- Produced the first few days
- Higher concentration of protein and antibodies compared to mature milk
- yellow color due to beta carotene
colostrum
when does mature milk transition start and end?
starts day 3 and ends day 10
which has more carbs, mature milk or colostrum
mature milk
foremilk vs hindmilk
which is rich in fat and which is rich lactose & protein
- foremilk– rich in lactose and protein
- hindmilk– rich in fat
4 nutrients breastmilk lacks
iron
zinc
vit k
vit d
ways to tx cow milk allergy via breastfeeding (3)
- no cow milk or dairy in moms diet
- if sx persist after 2 wks, no soy then no egg
- switch to hydrolyzed or amino based formula
ways to tx cow milk allergy via formula
- hydrolyzed formula –> amino based formula
NO SOY FORMULA
ways to tx cow milk allergy via formula
- hydrolyzed formula –> amino based formula
NO SOY FORMULA
when can you try to reintroduce cows milk after tx cow milk allergy
1 year
2 inborn errors of metabolism that are C/I to breastfeeding
galactosemia
PKU
when should you introduce complementary solids?
4-6 months
by month 6, human milk isnt enough for energy
how long should you wait between introducing each new single ingredient solid food
3-5 days
how long do you wait to introduce COW milk
1 yr
2 things associated w/ cow milk introduction
- increased renal solute load
- risk of Fe deficiency anemia
drinking more than # oz/day of cows milk in young kids is associated w/ iron deficiency anemia
24 oz/day
when & how can you introduce fruits into their diet (2)
offer pureed whole fruits starting at 6 months
at 12 months can offer pasterurized 100% fruit juice w/ food/snacks
when & how can you introduce fruits into their diet (2)
offer pureed whole fruits starting at 6 months
at 12 months can offer pasterurized 100% fruit juice w/ food/snacks
- crying for no apparent reason lasting ≥ 3 hrs/day for ≥3 days/wk in an otherwise health infant under 3 months (rule of 3s)
- resolves by 3-4 months; unknown etiology
- proxysmal, hypertonia
- difficult to console
infantile colic
