Infancy and Childhood

Question 1

what is the rooting primitive reflex?

Answer 1

stroking baby’s cheek and their head turning in that direction

Question 2

what is the moro primitive reflex?

Answer 2

the “startled” reflex. babies arms flail out in response to them being startled.

Question 3

What was Piaget’s approach to cognitive development?

Answer 3

theory of cognitive stages

Question 4

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

Answer 4

1. sensorimotor stage
2. preoperational stge
3. concrete operations stage
4. formal operations stage

Question 5

describe the sensorimotor stage

Answer 5

• birth to 2 years
• looking, sucking, touching
• develop object permanence

Question 6

object permanence

Answer 6

something continues to exist even when it cannot be seen (i.e. peek-a-boo)

Question 7

preoperational stage

Answer 7

• age 2 to 7
• egocentric
• animistic thinking
• cannot grasp the concept of conservation

Question 8

concrete operations stage

Answer 8

• age 7 to 11
• can understand conservation
• can understand transitivity

Question 9

formal operations stage

Answer 9

• age 11 to adulthood
• abstract reasoning
• thinking about future possibilities

Question 10

conservation

Answer 10

understanding that physical properties do not change when appearance changes (i.e. having two glasses of the same with the same amount of water. ask child if they have the same amount of water. take a glass of different size, but pour the same amount of water in it. ask them if both glasses still have the same amount of water)

Question 11

What is Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?

Answer 11

aka, Vygotsky’s theory of sociocultural influences, Cognitive development results from guidance

Question 12

scaffolding

Answer 12

teacher adjusts amount of support to child’s level of development (i.e. teaching a child how to swim. first float, then add arms … )

Question 13

What were the results of Harlow’s studies of infant attachment?

Answer 13

Harlow found that soft contact is important. Rhesus baby monkeys preferred cloth mothers over wire mothers, even though the wire mothers had food.

Question 14

How did Mary Ainsworth study attachment?

Answer 14

With the strange situation. (Secure base) Had a mother, her child, and stranger in the room. The stranger interacted with the baby more and more. The mother left temporarily. Observe baby’s actions. securely attached babies would cry until comforted by mothers

Question 15

explain secure attachment style

Answer 15

when mom leaves, baby cries

Question 16

explain Insecure-anxious/ambivalent style

Answer 16

not sure whether or not they could trust mom

Question 17

explain insecure-avoidant style

Answer 17

doesn’t care if mom leaves comes back

Question 18

What are the resulting 4 parenting styles and How do parenting styles predict later outcomes?

Answer 18

• Authoritarian-lower grades, lower self esteem
• Authoritative-most optimal, higher grades, cooperative
• Permissive- easily fustrated, low self-control
• Uninvolved - low self esteem, emotionally detached

BUT … VARIES BY CULTURE

Question 19

What are Baumrind’s 2 dimensions of parenting?

Answer 19

uninvolved

• low warmth, low control
• least effective, most detrimental

authoritative

• high warmth, high control
• not overly demanding or hostile
• child-centered