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PSYC-218-01 > infancy > Flashcards

infancy Flashcards

1
Q

“without language” in latin

A

infancy

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1
Q

what has allowed us to objectively study infants?

A

technological advances: high speed photography, computers, brain scans

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2
Q

in the past infants were thought to

A

be passive and helpless

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3
Q

what senses operate at birth?

A

all five:
- touch
- taste
- smell
- see
- hear

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4
Q

vital functions for a baby

A
  • breathing
  • sucking
  • swallowing
  • rooting
  • crying
  • grasping
  • blinking
  • be startled
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5
Q

what do infants look like at birth?

A

large head and skinny arms and legs

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6
Q

what happens to the brain of a child in the first year?

A
  • brain doubles in size and reaches 60% of adult volume.
    neural connections increase from 50 to 1000 trillion
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7
Q

Gesell’s stages of motor development

A
  • 2 months: lifts head when in prone position
  • 4 months: coordinates hand-eye movements
  • 7 months: sits independently
  • 10 months: crawls
  • 12 months: walks independently
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8
Q

are the stages of motor development universal?

A

yes

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9
Q

development in the 2nd year of life

A
  • gross motor skills continue to improve
  • walking gets steadier
  • by 18 months, can walk up stairs
  • by 24 months, can run, jump, climb
  • fine motor skills are developing
  • by 24 months can drink from a cup, eat w a spoon, turn pages
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10
Q

infant audition

A
  • turn to sound of human voice
  • calm in response to voice
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11
Q

infants can discriminate simple speech sounds by ___ weeks

A

6

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12
Q

infants can recognize their mothers’ voice by ___ weeks

A

6

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13
Q

what is the ideal distance an object should be away from a baby for them to best see?

A

8-9 inches

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14
Q

Depth Perception and the visual cliff

A
  • done by Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk
  • developed visual cliff to measure depth perception
  • infant placed on solid side
  • mother stands on drop side and calls infant
  • infant will not cross drop side to reach mother
    *conclusion: infants have depth perception by the time they are mobile
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15
Q

Apgar Neonatal Assessment

A
  • developed by Virginia Apgar
  • quick screening device to use in the delivery room
  • administered at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
  • measures heart rate, respiration, color, reflexes, and muscle tone
16
Q

infant abilities at birth

A
  • they can get sustenance
  • they can protect themselves from harmful stimuli
  • they are prepared for social interaction
17
Q

Jean Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development (infants)

A
  • first 2 years of life
  • thought is non symbolic
  • infants understanding of the world is based on their senses and their actions
18
Q

Sensorimotor stage of cognitive development for infants (broken down stages)

A

0-1 months: some reflexes start to come under control
1-4 months: primary circular reactions
4-8 months: secondary circular reactions
9-10 months: object permanence
11-17 months: increased mobility and exploration of environment
18-24 months: transition to Piaget’s Preoperational stage

19
Q

Lebanese Orphanage Study

A
  • infants 1st year of life: basic physical needs were met, but did not have a lot of social interaction or toys to play w
  • at 12 months: delayed physically and intellectually
  • second year: simple toys to play with and floor time to play, also had more social interaction with adults
  • at 24 months: normal intellectual and physical development, they caught up
  • provides support for interaction view of development
20
Q

primary circular reactions

A

infants repeat simple actions that focus on self

21
Q

secondary circular reactions

A

infants repeat simple actions that focus objects

22
Q

object permanence

A

infants knowledge that objects continue to exist when they are not visibly present, first sign of symbolic thought emerging

23
Q

Stages of Infant Personality Development

A

first year of life
-Sigmund Freud’s Oral Stage of Psychosexual Development
-Erik Erikson’s Trust v Mistrust Stage of Psychosocial Development
Second year of life
-Freud’s Anal Stage of Psychosexual Development
-Erik Erikson’s Autonomy v Shame and Doubt Stage of Psychosocial Development

24
Q

Erik Erikson’s Trust v Mistrust stage

A
  • infants must develop sense of trust or security
  • parents and caregivers must respond to infants’ and emotional needs for them to achieve this
25
Q

Erik Erikson’s Autonomy v Shame and Doubt stage

A
  • infants need to develop as a sense of independence or autonomy
  • allow infants to make choices and do things on their own to achieve this
26
Q

Stages of Language Development

A

-at birth: crying for communication
-6 months: vocalizing/babbling
–infants can make and respond to the sounds of all language up to age one year
-9 months: gestures
-12 months: first words
-18 months: two word utterances, spoken vocabulary of 15-20 words
-24 months: spoken vocal of 1000-2000 words
–learn 9-10 new words a day

27
Q

are the stages of language development universal?

A

yes

28
Q

are there differences in rate of development?

A

yes

29
Q

B.F. Skinner’s Nurture theory of language acquisition

A
  • infants learn language through imitation and reinforcement
  • role of environment and experience are emphasized
30
Q

Evidence to support Skinner’s Nurture Theory

A

-children imitate language
-children are reinforced for using language

31
Q

Evidence against Skinner’s Nurture Theory

A
  • children use unique utterances that could not be learned through imitation (all gone cookie)
  • children overgeneralize grammatical rules which suggests that they are actively learning language
32
Q

Noam Chomsky’s Nature Theory of Language Acquisition

A

-infants are genetically programmed to acquire language
-exposure to spoken language triggers acquisition
-adults provide poor model for children to imitate, adult language is filled with grammatical errors

33
Q

Evidence to support Chomsky’s Nature Theory

A
  • stages of language development are universal
  • infants are biologically prepared to learn any language
  • the left side of the brain is specialized for language
34
Q

Evidence against Chomsky’s Nature Theory

A
  • exposure to spoken language is not sufficient to trigger language
    –Dutch children did not learn German from watching tv
    –Hearing children with deaf parents did not learn oral language by watching TV or listening to the radio
    -adults do provide a good model for children to imitate adult speech to young children is characterized by a higher pitch, shorter grammatical sentences, and lots of repetitions and expansions
35
Q

Interaction Theory of Language Acquisition

A

-language acquisition its due to the interaction of biological maturation and the environment/experience
–developed in the 70s
–most widely accepted theory of language acquisition today
–young children imitate language and they are reinforced for using it
–infants are biologically prepared to learn language
–adults provide an excellent model for children to learn language

PSYC-218-01 (5 decks)

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