infancy Flashcards
“without language” in latin
infancy
what has allowed us to objectively study infants?
technological advances: high speed photography, computers, brain scans
in the past infants were thought to
be passive and helpless
what senses operate at birth?
all five:
- touch
- taste
- smell
- see
- hear
vital functions for a baby
- breathing
- sucking
- swallowing
- rooting
- crying
- grasping
- blinking
- be startled
what do infants look like at birth?
large head and skinny arms and legs
what happens to the brain of a child in the first year?
- brain doubles in size and reaches 60% of adult volume.
neural connections increase from 50 to 1000 trillion
Gesell’s stages of motor development
- 2 months: lifts head when in prone position
- 4 months: coordinates hand-eye movements
- 7 months: sits independently
- 10 months: crawls
- 12 months: walks independently
are the stages of motor development universal?
yes
development in the 2nd year of life
- gross motor skills continue to improve
- walking gets steadier
- by 18 months, can walk up stairs
- by 24 months, can run, jump, climb
- fine motor skills are developing
- by 24 months can drink from a cup, eat w a spoon, turn pages
infant audition
- turn to sound of human voice
- calm in response to voice
infants can discriminate simple speech sounds by ___ weeks
6
infants can recognize their mothers’ voice by ___ weeks
6
what is the ideal distance an object should be away from a baby for them to best see?
8-9 inches
Depth Perception and the visual cliff
- done by Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk
- developed visual cliff to measure depth perception
- infant placed on solid side
- mother stands on drop side and calls infant
- infant will not cross drop side to reach mother
*conclusion: infants have depth perception by the time they are mobile
Apgar Neonatal Assessment
- developed by Virginia Apgar
- quick screening device to use in the delivery room
- administered at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
- measures heart rate, respiration, color, reflexes, and muscle tone
infant abilities at birth
- they can get sustenance
- they can protect themselves from harmful stimuli
- they are prepared for social interaction
Jean Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development (infants)
- first 2 years of life
- thought is non symbolic
- infants understanding of the world is based on their senses and their actions
Sensorimotor stage of cognitive development for infants (broken down stages)
0-1 months: some reflexes start to come under control
1-4 months: primary circular reactions
4-8 months: secondary circular reactions
9-10 months: object permanence
11-17 months: increased mobility and exploration of environment
18-24 months: transition to Piaget’s Preoperational stage
Lebanese Orphanage Study
- infants 1st year of life: basic physical needs were met, but did not have a lot of social interaction or toys to play w
- at 12 months: delayed physically and intellectually
- second year: simple toys to play with and floor time to play, also had more social interaction with adults
- at 24 months: normal intellectual and physical development, they caught up
- provides support for interaction view of development
primary circular reactions
infants repeat simple actions that focus on self
secondary circular reactions
infants repeat simple actions that focus objects
object permanence
infants knowledge that objects continue to exist when they are not visibly present, first sign of symbolic thought emerging
Stages of Infant Personality Development
first year of life
-Sigmund Freud’s Oral Stage of Psychosexual Development
-Erik Erikson’s Trust v Mistrust Stage of Psychosocial Development
Second year of life
-Freud’s Anal Stage of Psychosexual Development
-Erik Erikson’s Autonomy v Shame and Doubt Stage of Psychosocial Development
