Early Childhood: Personality Development, Television, and Parenting Styles

Question 1

Sigmund Freud’s Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Development

Answer 1

children need to establish a sense of gender role

Question 2

Erik Erikson’s Initiative v. Guilt Stage of Pyschosocial Development

Answer 2

children must develop a sense of responsibility

Question 3

Sesame Street

Answer 3

• characters are attractive to children
  –music, bright colors, short segments, animation, children as characters, the Muppets

Question 4

Sesame Street Study of Effectiveness

Answer 4

• tested preschoolers before Sesame Street aired on numbers, letters and concepts
• 6 months after Sesame Street began broadcasting, re-tested children
• Sesame Street was so popular; could not compare those who watched with those who did not watch
• Children showed an increased knowledge of numbers, letters, and concepts
  Children who watched with a parent showed a greater improvement

Question 5

Sesame Street today

Answer 5

• Try to make show attractive to children and adults
• Focus on issues/topics important to children and families
• Provide resources for parents and teachers
• Sesame Street Introduces Julia (she has autism)

Question 6

how much tv do children watch per day?

Answer 6

4-6 hrs

Question 7

by 18, how many hours of tv have children watched?

Answer 7

20.000 hrs

Question 8

concerns about television

Answer 8

• Content, esp. violence and inappropriate language and sexual content
• Takes time from other activities (homework, reading, physical play)
• Commercials (often focus on toys and junk food)

Question 9

Albert Bandura’s Bobo doll study

Answer 9

• Half of the children watched an adult model act aggressively toward the Bobo doll
• Half of children did not see the adult act aggressively
• Children who saw aggression imitated it when playing
  
  • Hit, used other violent actions

Question 10

Smith College Study

Answer 10

• 5 and 6 year old’s attending day camp
• Observed and rated children’s aggression during play in first week
• Divided children into high and low aggression groups
• Assigned to watch a violent, positive, or neutral show
• Watched tv for 30 minutes a day for 4 weeks
• Conclusion: for children high in aggression, watching violent TV resulted in increased aggression

Question 11

socialization

Answer 11

• Process by which parents and others teach children the attitudes, values, and behaviors of their culture
• Reasons for socializing children
  
  • Social competence
  • Safety
  • Moral and ethical values
  • Smooth functioning of family/school

Question 12

Diana Baumrind’s Study

Answer 12

• Interviewed parents of 5-6 year olds on parenting styles/approaches to discipline
• Interviewed the children’s teachers
• Observed the children in the classroom and on playground
• 3 parenting styles/approaches to discipline were identified

Question 13

Authoritarian Style of Parenting

Answer 13

• Parents are strict and emphasize obedience
• Set high standards for their children
• Punitive
• Children are anxious about meeting expectations
• Boys are physically aggressive
• Girls are passive

Question 14

Democratic Style of Parenting

Answer 14

• Parents set rules and limits, but give reasons
• Encourage independence and responsibility
• Warm and nurturing
• Children are independent, responsible, and socially competent

Question 15

Permissive Style of Parenting

Answer 15

• Parents set no rules or limits
• Children are impulsive, dependent, and not responsible