INF2 - E. IMMUNITY AND VACCINATION-COVERED Flashcards
1
Q
what innate immune defences do we have
A
- skin
- enzymes in saliva and tears
- phagocytes
2
Q
what are the 2 parts of acquired immune defences
A
- natural
- artificial
3
Q
passive immunisation
A
- injection of pathogen-specific pooled human immunoglobulins
- good for post-exposure prophylaxis or if immunocompromised and can’t make antibodies
- doesn’t confer long-term protection (antibodies degrade and break down once used)
4
Q
active immunisation
A
- induces immune system to make antibodies
5
Q
natural acquired immunity (active)
A
- contact with the disease
- induces immune system to make antibodies through B-cells and create memory cells
6
Q
natural acquired immunity (passive)
A
- placenta: mother’s milk
- antibodies transferred from milk
7
Q
monoclonal antibodies
A
- molecule mimics natural antibodies to neutralise a virus/bacteria
- protects against infection or an illness
- works immediately
- potential to last months or longer
8
Q
vaccines
A
- weakened pathogen or particle that starts an immune response to make antibodies
- helps body prevent infection
- immune response develops after few weeks
- provides long-term protection (boosters?)
9
Q
artificial acquired immunity (active)
A
- vaccines
10
Q
artificial acquired immunity (passive)
A
- monoclonal antibodies
11
Q
live attenuated vaccines
A
- triggers long-term protection without boosters
- strongest immune response
- whole virus or bacterium
- avoided in immunosuppressed
- MMR, chickenpox vaccine
- viruses (in host cells)/bacteria grown in culture and passaged through rounds of culture
- low virulence strains selected (ie - no toxins produced)
- attenuated/weakened strains reproduced in says chick embryo so they don’t as easily infect us but still recognised by our immune system
- immune response similar to natural-active, mild symptoms (we want immunogenic vaccine, not pathogenic)
12
Q
inactivated vaccines
A
- whole virus or bacterium
- fewer side effects than life-attenuated
- less vigorous immune response
- safer for immunocompromised
- polio, influenza vaccine
- viruses/bacteria cultured and killed with heat or chemicals
- immune response triggered but incapable of causing disease
- multiple doses may be needed
13
Q
subunit vaccines
A
- weaker immune response than live attenuated and inactivated vaccines
- made from a piece of a pathogen, not whole organism
- use adjuvants as immune stimulus - help vaccine work better ie - complex bit of pathogen with a metal
- parts of bacteria/virus which are immunogenic:
protein-based
polysaccharide- based
conjugate bases - safe for immunocompromised, elderly, young
14
Q
toxoid vaccines
A
- use inactivated toxins = toxiods (from bacteria) treated with heat or chemicals
- toxoids can’t bind to cells but trigger similar immune response as toxins
- trains immune system to neutralise toxins produced by pathogens (ie neutralises toxic activity created)
- doesn’t target bacteria directly or microbe
- use adjuvants as immune stimulus
- can prevent toxin-mediated diseases
- booster shots recommended periodically every 10 years
- diphtheria and tetanus
15
Q
viral vector vaccines
A
- gene delivery systems which use harmless viruses
- contain gene for making certain protein
- genetic code of antigen delivered to host cells
- host cell makes protein
- immune response triggered upon recognition of protein ‘this is not our protein’
- strong immune response
- Ebola, Astrazeneca Covid vaccine
