Inequality Flashcards
How does economic inequality destabilize our political and social institutions?
If those who hold political offices must depend on large contributions for their campaigns, they will be more responsive to the interests and demands of wealthy contributors, and those who are not rich will not be fairly represented.
Restrictive zoning laws?
Restrictive zoning encourages homeowners to upgrade and upsize their homes Restrictive zoning makes affordability worse in two ways. Not only does it limit the amount of new construction, it also encourages property owners in expensive neighborhoods to upgrade the size or quality of existing structures, thereby making them still more pricey.
Is Restrictive zoning laws more common in Red or Blue states?
Blue; this explains the preponderance of homelessness that characterizes blue states juxtaposed against red.
Is Restrictive zoning laws more common in Red or Blue states?
Blue; this explains the preponderance of homelessness that characterizes blue states juxtaposed against red.
Upzoning
Upzoning refers to zoning code changes that increase the amount of development allowed. Upzoning is applied more broadly (e.g., over an entire zoning district) whereas rezoning is typically applied to specific properties (e.g., rezoning of one or more parcels from one district to another district). Upzoning can increase housing affordability by providing more housing in existing residential areas.
What factors influence the cost of living?
-Housing Demand
- Job Opportunities
- Minimum wage
-Average Salaries
-Geographical location (Places that are remote or inaccessible can often be more expensive, as the cost of transporting even basic things like gasoline or food there can be much higher than usual.)
-Taxes
-Unemployment Rate
-Insurance
What are some of the indicators that blue states perform better on juxtaposed against red states?
-GDP
-Rates of Poverty
-Child Poverty
-Median Household Income
-Highschool and College Graduation Rates
-Unemployment
-Greater Incidence of Health Insurance
-Rates of Criminal Activity
-Dependance on Federal Funding
What are some of the indicators that blue states perform better on juxtaposed against red states?
-GDP
-Rates of Poverty
-Child Poverty
-Median Household Income
-Highschool and College Graduation Rates
-Unemployment
-Greater Incidence of Health Insurance
-Rates of Criminal Activity
-Dependance on Federal Funding
According to the Constitution, what is the purpose of the government?
“form a more perfect union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity
What were the effects of the ARP (American Rescue Plan)
Created 4 million additional jobs
Averted risk of double-dip recession
Lowered unemployment by 2 percentage points
Nearly doubled GDP growth (to 5.7% instead of 3%) while only contributing 0.35% to inflation
Increased health insurance enrollment by 4.2 million,
Kept 3.7 million children out of poverty in December, likely driving child poverty to record lows.
Market Distortion
In neoclassical economics, a market distortion is any event in which a market reaches a market clearing price for an item that is substantially different from the price that a market would achieve while operating under conditions of perfect competition and state enforcement of legal contracts and the ownership of private property. A distortion is “any departure from the ideal of perfect competition that therefore interferes with economic agents maximizing social welfare when they maximize their own”.
What effects are materialized over a child’s encapsulated within immiseration and economic impoverishment?
existence of toxic stress that can impair cognitive, social and emotional development, lower academic achievement, obesity and behavioral problems.
What are the effects of living in a single parent household
Worse educational attainment, larger probability of remaining in poverty, greater likelihood to consume drugs and alcohol, more likely to develop a personality disorder, greater participatory engagements with delinquent and nefariously criminal activity, far likelier to become incarcerated and discipline problems, greater potentiality of birthing out of wedlock.
What are the effects of living in a single parent household
Worse educational attainment, larger probability of remaining in poverty, greater likelihood to consume drugs and alcohol, more likely to develop a personality disorder, greater participatory engagements with delinquent and nefariously criminal activity, far likelier to become incarcerated and discipline problems, greater potentiality of birthing out of wedlock.
What are some types of advantageous educational investments?
Universal Air Conditioning, universal free lunches, enhancement of the availability of extracurricular activities, increasing teachers’ wages
Where are most of the gun violence concentrated in within cities?>
Within cities, gun violence is concentrated in a small set of disinvested neighborhoods, and within these neighborhoods, such violence is even more concentrated within a small set of “micro-geographic places,” like particular streets.
What are some environmental factors that contribute to crime?
Numerous studies have found that concentrated poverty, densely crowded housing, and a high density of alcohol outlets, mortgage foreclosures, and vacant buildings and lots are directly associated with higher rates of violence.
What is broken window policing?
theory known as “Broken Windows,” which argues that maintaining order by policing low-level offenses can prevent more serious crimes.
What are the effects of reducing alcohol outlets?
The reductionism in crime.
How much did poverty fall between 1967 and 2012?
By 35%.
What are in-kind benefits?
A benefit-in-kind (BIK) is any non-cash benefit of monetary value that you provide for your employee. These benefits can also be referred to as notional pay, fringe benefits or perks. The benefits have monetary value, so they must be treated as taxable income.
What are means-tested programs?
A means-tested benefit is a public benefit where the agency granting the benefit considers your income and resources. Means-tested benefits may be federally, state, or locally funded. In general, if you receive a benefit that was granted based on your income, we consider it a means-tested benefit.
What are types of aspects of one’s environment that are considered pernicious?
Infinitesimal quality educational facilities, erosion of the prevalence of grocery outlets, the prominent popularity and ubiquity of alcohol outlets, the reductionism in commercial and corporational activity (this being explained because of the disincentivization to invest in these geographical vicinities; contributing to a reductionism in employment oppurtunities.) low rates of extracurricular activity and a preponderant incidence of fatherlessness.
