Healthcare Flashcards

1
Q

What are public payers?

A

A public payer is the federal or state government. There are several types of publicly funded insurance: Medicare, Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) and the Veteran’s Administration.

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2
Q

What are private payers?

A

Private health insurance refers to any health insurance coverage that is offered by a private entity instead of a state or federal government. Insurance brokers and companies both fall into this category.Jan

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3
Q

What is medicare?

A

A U.S. federal health insurance program for people aged 65 years or older and people with certain disabilities. Medicare pays for hospital stays, medical services, and some prescription drugs but people who receive Medicare must pay part of their healthcare costs.

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4
Q

What is medicaid?

A

Medicaid in the United States is a federal and state program that helps with healthcare costs for some people with limited income and resources. Medicaid also offers benefits not normally covered by Medicare, including nursing home care and personal care services.

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5
Q

What is an insurance premium?

A

The amount you pay for your health insurance every month. In addition to your premium, you usually have to pay other costs for your health care, including a deductible, copayments, and coinsurance.

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6
Q

What is a deductible?

A

The amount you pay for covered health care services before your insurance plan starts to pay. With a $2,000 deductible, for example, you pay the first $2,000 of covered services yourself. After you pay your deductible, you usually pay only a. copayment.

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7
Q

What is coinsurance?

A

Coinsurance is the percentage of covered medical expenses you pay after you’ve met your deductible. Your health insurance plan pays the rest. For example, if you have an “80/20” plan, it means your plan covers 80% and you pay 20%—up until you reach your maximum out-of-pocket limit.

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7
Q

What is coinsurance?

A

Coinsurance is the percentage of covered medical expenses you pay after you’ve met your deductible. Your health insurance plan pays the rest. For example, if you have an “80/20” plan, it means your plan covers 80% and you pay 20%—up until you reach your maximum out-of-pocket limit.

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8
Q

What is a copayment?

A

A copayment or copay is a fixed amount for a covered service, paid by a patient to the provider of service before receiving the service. It may be defined in an insurance policy and paid by an insured person each time a medical service is accessed.

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9
Q

What is CHIP (Children’s Health Insurance Program)

A

CHIP provides low-cost health coverage to children in families that earn too much money to qualify for Medicaid. In some states, CHIP covers pregnant women. Each state offers CHIP coverage, and works closely with its state Medicaid program. (CHIP) insures children up to age 19 from families with incomes too high to qualify for Medicaid.

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10
Q

Do you have to pay out of pocket for medicaid / CHIP?

A

CHIP programs have more flexibility to charge premiums and cost sharing, but both Medicaid and CHIP limit total family out-of-pocket costs to no more than 5% of family income, and states are required to maintain tracking systems to cease cost-sharing once a family meets the cap.

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11
Q

What is the average national health insurance cost monthly?

A

As of 2020, it was $453 for one individual.

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12
Q

What is a third party payer?

A

The term “third-party payment” refers to anyone paying for medical treatment who isn’t the patient. This may be a public entity or a private one. The government use funds obtained from current workers’ taxes instead of insurance premiums to pay healthcare providers.

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13
Q

What are the traditional tenets of competition in healthcare?

A

Price, quality, convenience, superior products and services and also technology and innovation.

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14
Q

What is the role of healthcare administrators?

A

Administrators serve as the hub of the wheel that keeps the healthcare industry rolling. They make sure that doctors, insurance companies, patients, and other providers have access to the information needed to ensure proper care. Without them, treatments are delayed, payments lost, and quality of care suffers.

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15
Q

What is administrative waste in healthcare?

A

Administrative waste is the excess administrative overhead that stems primarily from the complexity of the U.S. insurance and provider payment systems, and operational waste refers to other aspects of inefficient production processes. Clinical waste is waste created by the production of low-value outputs.

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16
Q

Elucidate some of the components that contribute to the complexity of the US healthcare system

A

The U.S. healthcare system is extremely complex, with separate rules, funding, enrollment dates, and out-of-pocket costs for employer-based insurance, private insurance from healthcare.gov, Medicaid, and Medicare, in all its many pieces. In each of these sectors, consumers must choose among several tiers of coverage, high deductible plans, managed care plans (HMOs and PPOs), and fee-for-service systems. These plans may or may not include pharmaceutical drug insurance which has its own tiers of coverage, deductibles, and copays or coinsurance.

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17
Q

What is an insurance claim?

A

An insurance claim is a request for your insurance company to pay for something your insurance covers, such as a car accident, a house fire or a visit to the emergency room.

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18
Q

How come administrative costs are so extortionately expensive in the US healthcare system?

A

For providers, this means dealing with myriad regulations about usage, coding, and billing. And, in fact, these activities make up the largest share of administrative costs

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19
Q

What is a provider?

A

Provider is a term used for health professionals who provide health care services. Sometimes, the term refers only to physicians.

20
Q

Standardization in healthcare;

A

Standardization in healthcare is often defined as the process by which healthcare products and services are chosen by a committee of key stakeholders, considering evidence-based results, to ensure quality patient care while adhering to fiscal responsibility.

21
Q

Elaboration of information asymmetries in the healthcare market

A

Patient possesses inferior knowledge concerning the quality / efficacy of treatment, the expected outcomes, and relative prices than the provider (physician or medical facility delivering the treatment)

22
Q

What is a public option?

A

What is a public option? A public option refers to a health insurance coverage program run by the state or federal government (although they can be administered by a private entity or private insurance company) and made available as an option alongside the existing private health insurance plans.

23
Q

Explain the relative inelasticity of demand in healthcare.

A

Because medical facilities revolve around the provisioning of goods of necessity juxtaposed against that of goods of desire, this can demonstrate a greater contribution towards the modification, alteration and transmutation of prices without contributing to the reductionism and attenuation of overall aggregate demand in this sector.

24
Q

Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act

A

Enacted in 1986, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, commonly known as EMTALA, is a Federal law that requires anyone coming to almost any emergency department to be stabilized and treated, regardless of their insurance status or ability to pay.Dec 1, 2015

25
Q

What is the hippocratic oath?

A

The Hippocratic Oath is an oath of ethics historically taken by physicians. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. In its original form, it requires a new physician to swear, by a number of healing gods, to uphold specific ethical standards.

26
Q

How many private insurance companies are there?

A

over 800

27
Q

How come a greater quantity of private insurance companies is correlated with higher prices?

A

Because there exists a greater quantity of affordability on the part of medical providers to resist moderate solicitations for price negotiations because of the large variability of alternative private insurers that will engage in business with them.

28
Q

In what way are emergency visits exploited by medical providers?

A

Because there wasn’t any planning for the arrival of one’s personhood at the medical facility, thus allowing the provider to take advantage of the situation and augment the cost of delivering their services.

29
Q

Preventative care

A

Routine health care that includes screenings, check-ups, and patient counseling to prevent illnesses, disease, or other health problems.

30
Q

Supplemental insurance

A

Supplemental health insurance is a plan that covers costs above and beyond what standard health policies will pay. It may provide extra coverage. It may even pay for costs not covered by a traditional health plan, such as coinsurance, copays, and deductibles.

31
Q

How many people die from treatable related diseases annually?

A

22,000

32
Q

How much more, on average, do private health insurance companies pay for services and interactions with medical facilities juxtaposed against Medicare at the same facility?

A

about 2.5 times more

33
Q

In what ways do medical providers operate as monopolies?

A

In emergency situations, you’re not equipped with the eligibility of adequately interacting with the institution in a financially capable manner of bargaining or negotiating prices. In other markets, industries and niche corners of the economy, you possess the potentiality of demonstrating some contribution over the diminution or proliferation of prices because of the opportunity of refraining from the interaction.

34
Q

What are the two primary sources of income for an insurance provider?

A

Underwriting income and investment income.

35
Q

What is the basic methodological process of operation effectuated by the insurance provider?

A

A health insurance company gathers the premiums it collects from thousands of customers into a pool. When one of those customers needs coverage for medical care, the insurance company uses money from this pool to pay for it in the form of a claim. A health insurer will also use premiums to pay for the costs of doing business.

36
Q

What is underwriting income?

A

The profitable revenue generated by an insurance company from selling premiums and subtracting administrative costs plus insurance claims.

37
Q

What is investment income for the insurance provider?

A

The additional profit / revenue that had been accumulated gets allocated in the trajectory of the purchasing of certain stocks and securities to flip a profit.

38
Q

What is the concept of underwriting?

A

Underwriting is the name given to the act of evaluating the risk of providing coverage and costs of coverage.

39
Q

How are individuals suffering from a pre-existing condition disenfranchised?

A

Because for profit insurance providers maintain a pertinacious interest and investment in adjudicating and accepting those individuals whom are healthy into their pool; this being considered an auspiciously practical and profitably judicious investment. There’s no incentive on the part of the insurance provider to engage in financial transactions between unhealthy individuals.

40
Q

Is underwriting illegal for individual insurance policies?

A

yes

41
Q

What is the Medical Loss Ratio?

A

Obamacare or the Affordable Care Act requires that individual and small group plans spend 80% of premium dollars on claims and efforts to improve the quality of care. The remaining 20% can go to expenses and ultimately to the bottom line For large group plans, Obamacare requires that 85% of premium dollars be spent on claims.

42
Q

Limited Restrictions on Coverage

A

Obamacare or the Affordable Care Act limited the restrictions that insurers could place on coverage. As a result, insurance companies can’t decline coverage or exclude items in insurance policies because of pre-existing conditions.

43
Q

Elaborate the negation of compatibility and congruence that characterizes the health care system juxtaposed against the ‘freedom of choice’ and ‘mutual consent’ aspects of free market capitalism.

A

Because of the inelasticity of demand, the necessity of interacting with certain goods or services, this results in the diminution and attenuation of the bargaining power and capability of refraining from the allocation of demand that the free market necessitates in order to function efficaciously. In a free market, goods and services are allocated through transactions based on mutual consent. No one is forced to buy from a particular supplier. No one is forced to engage in any transaction at all. In a free market, no transactions occur if a price cannot be agreed.

44
Q

In what way might a public option or universal health coverage enhance entrepenurialship?

A

The materialization of a universal health coverage system would actualize a reductionism and attenuation of the disquietude and petrification that’s characteristic of transitioning jobs or pursuing new career paths.

45
Q

Job Lock

A

The term job lock refers to the tendency of employer-sponsored health insurance to discourage people from changing jobs; from starting a business of their own; or from reducing their hours to care for family members or move gradually toward retirement. Job lock undermines labor market mobility, makes it harder to match workers to the most suitable jobs, and cuts labor productivity.

46
Q

What are the two factors that influence the exorbitantly high costs of Healthcare Adminstration?

A

A February 2019 report from McKinsey and Company attributes high US administrative expenses to two factors: the number of providers and payers that interact to process administrative information and arduous reporting requirements, including more than 1,700 quality measures collected by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services alone. The McKinsey authors assert that these factors result in “an unusually high number of non-clinical workers, many of whom focus on routine transactions that could easily be digitized or automated.”

46
Q

What is a federally qualified health center?

A

A FQHC provides care to anyone, of any age. A FQHC treats patients with insurance and those without. Patients who come to a FQHC who are NOT covered by insurance can be charged for their care using an income-based sliding fee scale.

47
Q

Primary care

A

Health services that cover a range of prevention, wellness, and treatment for common illnesses. Primary care providers include doctors, nurses, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. They often maintain long-term relationships with you and advise and treat you on a range of health related issues.