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MED-110 Medical Sociology > Inequalities In Health P2 > Flashcards

Inequalities In Health P2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  1. Based on this Case Scenario, identify some social reasons behind him developing a cardiovascular disease.
A
  • behavioural issues
  • lack of higher education
  • lower social class (working class)
  • chronic stress
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2
Q
  1. What are the 5 Models of Social Class and Health?
A
  1. Social Selection
  2. Materialist Model
  3. Behavioural Model
  4. Psychosocial Model
  5. Life Course Model
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3
Q
  1. What does the Social Selection Model focus on?
A
  • it focuses on biological reasons
  • individuals are biologically vulnerable to diseases
  • this is why people do not move up in the social strata
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4
Q
  1. Complete this sentence:
    _________ determines Social Class?
A
  • health
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5
Q
  1. What is meant by the statement “Health determines Social Class”?
A
  • if people fall ill:
    - they are unable to secure employment
    - a downward social mobility tends to occur
    - this is seen especially in lower classes
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6
Q
  1. What are the three limits of the Social Selection Model?
A
  1. It is not sufficient to account for all of the differences in health by social class
  2. Social mobility tends to occur before serious diseases become prevalent
  3. Incapacity does not always lead to a downward mobility between social classes

INCAPACITY= physical or mental inability to do something/manage your affairs

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7
Q
  1. What does the Materialist Model argue?
A
  • access to materials and resources influences people’s health
  • the control of material resources influences people’s health
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8
Q
  1. What are the three main focuses of the Materialist Model?
A
  1. Material Possessions
  2. Access to resources
    (education, health care services, proper housing)
  • people from lower socio-economic statuses are less
    likely to have access to healthy environments and
    healthcare
  1. Poverty and Unemployment
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9
Q
  1. What can be said about Poverty and Unemployment with regards to the Materialist Model?
A
  • it exposes people to greater health hazards
    (poor housing, air pollution, insufficient food,
    unhealthy food)
  • poverty and unemployment are related to:
    - chronic stress
    - lost sense of control
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10
Q
  1. What are two effects in living standards for the post-war population?
A
  • life expectancy is increased
  • social inequalities in health still persist
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11
Q
  1. What does poor housing lead to?
A
  • poor health care
  • poor education
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12
Q
  1. What is the concept of Inverse Health Care?
A
  • health care is least available where it is most needed
  • available health care facilities may be less accessible
  • they may be under utilised
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13
Q
  1. What are the reasons for variations in access to healthcare?
A
  • availability
  • quality
  • cost
  • information
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14
Q
  1. What does the Behavioural Model focus on?
A
  • it focuses on individuals
  • it focuses on how they behave
  • it also focuses on Cultural explanations
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15
Q
  1. What are three examples of health damaging behaviours?
A
  • smoking
  • alcohol abuse
  • unhealthy diet
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16
Q
  1. What are three examples of health-promoting behaviours ?
A
  • physical exercise
  • health literacy
  • health beliefs
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17
Q
  1. What does Cultural Explanations refer to?
A
  • middle and working class people have different cultures
18
Q
  1. What are the implications of Cultural explanations?
A
  • health inequalities may not be reduced by economic equality
19
Q
  1. What does the Psychosocial model focus on?
A
  1. how psychological stress is generated by society’s inequality structures
  2. social inequalities may make people feel subordinate and disadvantaged
  3. social support
  4. two pathways from stress to poor health
  5. methodological and conceptual issues
  6. stress related mechanisms
20
Q
  1. What can be said about How Psychological Stress is generated by Society’s Inequality Structures?
A
  • the effects of social inequality may cause stress
  • poverty can result in stress and social isolation
21
Q
  1. What can be said about Social inequalities making people feel subordinate and disadvantaged?
A
  • control
  • autonomy
  • there is an imbalance between home and work
  • an imbalance between efforts and rewards
22
Q
  1. What can be said about Social Support?
A
  • evidence shows that people who have:
    - good relationships with family
    - good relationships with friends
    - participate in the community
  • have longer life expectancies
  • this is compared to those who are isolated
23
Q
  1. What can be said about there being Two Pathways from stress to poor health?
A
  1. there is a direct pathway on disease development
    (mental illness and somatic disease)
  2. there is an indirect pathway when stress is experienced by health-damaging behaviours
24
Q
  1. What can be said about Methodological and Conceptual issues?
A
  • how psychological stress can generate mental and somatic diseases
25
Q
  1. What can be said about Stress-related Mechanisms?
A
  • lower socioeconomic groups experience a greater number
    of:
    - stressful life events
    - negative stereotyping
    - stigma
    - social isolation
  • lack of social relationships can lead to:
    - maladaptive coping strategies
    - consuming alcohol to cope
  • affluent individuals may have a beneficial network of social connections
  • this gives them a social buffer against stressful life events
26
Q
  1. What does the Life Course Model focus on?
A
  • it focuses on one’s experiences with social conditions and social positioning across time
27
Q
  1. What two points does the Life Course model revolve around?
A
  1. A disadvantage at one time is associated with a disadvantage at a different time
  2. Methodological and Conceptual issues
28
Q
  1. What does it mean when we say that a disadvantage at one time is associated with a disadvantage at a different time?
A
  • a disadvantage in childhood can lead to a disadvantage in adulthood
    (such as poverty)

EG: individuals who experienced poor home conditions in their childhood home are more likely to experience occupational disadvantages

29
Q
  1. What can be said about Methodological and Conceptual issues?
A
  • this is dependent on the timing and the duration of exposures across the life span of a person
  • there are risk factors that accumulate over our lives
  • they interact with synergy over the course of your life

SYNERGY= the interaction two or more substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects

30
Q
  1. What is Class Mobility?
A
  • the class that you originate from and the class that you finally end up in both influence your health

EG: being born in a working class is bad for your overall
health
: climbing up the social ladder cannot compensate for it

31
Q
  1. Which social class results in the worst health outcomes?
A
  • those who were born in working class families
  • those who belong to working class families in their adult lives
32
Q
  1. Based on the Case Study, which Social Class and Health model is most suited?
A
  1. Materialist Model
    • his socioeconomic position
    • he is a low income worker at a bakery
  2. Behavioural Model
    • his lifestyle is associated with the working class
    • he smokes
    • he uses heavy alcohol
  3. Psychosocial Model
    • stress and social support
    • he feels stressed (even though he had friends)
    • he has a low sense of life control
  • he has a high school education
  • this can result in him having inadequate health literacy
  • he struggles to recognise his symptoms
33
Q
  1. What are working class people more likely to experience?
A
  • they have access to limited resources
  • smoking
  • drinking
  • unhealthy eating
  • they have poorer health literacy
  • they are more likely to be influenced by inequality culture
  • they are more likely to adopt a fatalistic view of life
  • this means that they believe that all events in life are
    predetermined
    and that they are inevitable
34
Q
  1. Why are working class people more likely to suffer from chronic stress?
A
  • smoking
  • alcohol abuse
  • food consumption
  • are all coping mechanisms of stress and difficult life situations
35
Q
  1. What is the result of Health Service provision inequities vs social inequalities?
A
  • they both lead to different health outcomes
  • inequality = unbalanced conditions
  • inequities = state of being unfair and unjust
36
Q
  1. Are inequities avoidable?
A
  • yes
  • no matter the location
  • people at the lowest socioeconomic status experience the worst health
37
Q
  1. How would addressing social dynamics rather than focusing on social categories help to stop inequalities from persisting?
A
  • actions should focus on all determinants of health inequalities
38
Q
  1. What are 5 determinants of Social Inequalities?
A
  • resources
  • migration
  • gender
  • social support
  • stressful work
39
Q
  1. What should policies that stop inequalities focus on?
A
  • they should focus on all aspects of life:
    • income security
    • quality of health care
    • gender balance
    • social inclusion
    • healthy environments
  • policies have to be multi layered
  • no single action is effective
40
Q
  1. Are people’s experiences confined by one determinant only?
    (such as their social class)
A
  • no
  • people are influenced by exposure to:
    - many other social experiences
    - identity practices
    - social location
    - historical forces
    - political forces
41
Q
  1. Read through this summary.
    Does everything make sense?
A
  • yes
42
Q
  1. Answer this SBA.
A

D

MED-110 Medical Sociology (17 decks)

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