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Western Civilization > Industrialization and Roman Romanticism Study Guide > Flashcards

Industrialization and Roman Romanticism Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

When was it widely believed that the Industrial Revolution began

A

1750

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2
Q

What was Britain’s emergencies as the first industrial power aided by?

A
  • Rapid population growth
  • surplus of labor
  • Ready supply of domestic and colonial markets
  • Developed financial system
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3
Q

What was the Industrial Revolution in Britain inspired by?

A

Aggressive entrepreneurs

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4
Q

Who invented the water frame spinning machine?

A

Richard Arkwrite

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5
Q

What industry was the first industry to industrialize in Britain?

A

Cotton textile

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6
Q

What was the power behind the steam engines during the First Industrial Revolution?

A

Coal

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7
Q

When did Britain’s raw cotton imports increase dramatically

A

The late 1700’s

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8
Q

What did factory owners institued

A
  • A life of harsh discipline

- rigors of competitive wage labor

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9
Q

What was the way to discipline very young boys and girls working in new British industries?

A

Repeated Beatings

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10
Q

What did workers do do with their means of production s

A

Lost them

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11
Q

Workers could only sell their labor for wages as a result of what?

A

Industrialization

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12
Q

What held Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851?

A

Crystal Palace

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13
Q

What did Britain do to protect its monopoly?

A

Prohibited industrial artisans from going abroad

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14
Q

Where did government play a larger role in Continental industrialization?

A

The European Continent

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15
Q

By what year did the United States and Western Europe close the gap with Great Britain but Russia had not

A

1850

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16
Q

Why was American industrialization a capital-intensive endeavor

A

There was a large pool of unskilled laborers in the United States

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17
Q

How did the American system reduced costs and revolutionized production?

A

labor-saving innovations in manufacturing

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18
Q

What was the European population explosion attributable for?

A

The disappearance of famine from Western Europe

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19
Q

What resulted in the Great Hunger in Ireland?

A

THe failure of the potato crop

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20
Q

What was urban life in the nineteenth century symbolized by?

A

filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities’ slow response to take responsibility for public health

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21
Q

Who advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain’s first Public Health Act

A

Edwin Chadwick

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22
Q

Who were the new industrial entrepreneurial class

A

Mostly resourceful individuals with diverse social backrounds

23
Q

What did women labor in the Industrial Agde do for cahnging traditional working patterns

A

Nothing

24
Q

What did The English Poor Act of 1834 establish?

A

Workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live

25
Q

What did the Industrial Revolution result in

A
  • betterment of the middle classes
  • increased disparity between the richest and poorst classes in society
  • led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working class
26
Q

Who were the Luddities?

A

Artisans who destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood

27
Q

What did not achieve the establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847

A

Effort at industrial reform in the 1830s and 1840’s in Great Britain

28
Q

What was Romanticism characterized by?

A
  • A strong, pantheistic worship of nature
  • a preoccupation with sentiment, suffering, and self-sacrifice
  • A reverence for history that inspired nationalism
  • A reaction to the excesses of teh Industrial Revolution
29
Q

Who argued that historical events were largely determined by the deeds of Romantic heroes who transformed society?

A

Thomas Carlyle

30
Q

How can the Romantic Movement be viewed?

A

As a reaction against the Enlightenment’s preoccupation with reasons

31
Q

What was the most important of Romantic literary expression?

A

Poetry

32
Q

What did Romantic artist focused on in tier art?

A

landscapes and depictions of nature

33
Q

What type of buildings exhibited in the nineteenth-century revival of medieval architecture?

A

Neo-Gothic

34
Q

What was Romanticism in art and music well characterized by?

A

The compositions of Beethoven

35
Q

What was TUrner’s paintings described as?

A
  • Airy visions

- Painted with tinted Steam

36
Q

How where places like Germany, religiously affected by the age of Romanticism?

A

Experienced a Catholic revival

37
Q

How did the lower classes remain during the emergence of the late nineteenth-century mass society?

A

Remained in poverty

38
Q

By the 1900’s what did Germany emerge as?

A

A leader in dyestuffs, controlling 90 percent of the market

39
Q

What did the second Industrial Revolution see the advent of?

A

Steel

40
Q

What became a new energy source the drove the Second Industrial Revolution?

A

Electricity

41
Q

Who revolutionized the car industry with the mass production of Model T

A

Henry Ford

42
Q

Who worked together to control prices and fix production quotas in a cartel

A

Independent enterprises

43
Q

What resulted in government planning and initiative?

A

Industrialization in Japan

44
Q

What did the increase competition for foreign markets and growing importance of domestic demand for economic development led to in nineteenth-century Europe?

A

A strong reaction against free trade and imposition of steep protective tariffs by most nations

45
Q

What did “sweating” jobs for women involve

A

The subcontracting of piecework, usually in the tailoring trades

46
Q

During the second Industrial Revolution, what did the working-class organizations emphasizes?

A

The gender role of women as housewives

47
Q

What led to a rise in female prostitution in European cities?

A

Heavy migration to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival

48
Q

What state had the most successful socialist party in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century?

A

Germany

49
Q

What was the issue that united all socialists together in the nineteenth century?

A

The desire to improve working and living conditions for most workers

50
Q

Who believed that socialism could be best achieved through the democratic process?

A

Eduard Bernstein

51
Q

What was a generally allied with socialist parties but varied from country to country?

A

Trade Union Movements prior to World War I

52
Q

Initially, what did trade unions in the first half of the nineteenth-century function as

A

mutual aid societies

53
Q

What did early anarchists believe was the best means of achieving true freedom?

A

Violence

Western Civilization (7 decks)

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