Industrialization and Roman Romanticism Study Guide Flashcards
When was it widely believed that the Industrial Revolution began
1750
What was Britain’s emergencies as the first industrial power aided by?
- Rapid population growth
- surplus of labor
- Ready supply of domestic and colonial markets
- Developed financial system
What was the Industrial Revolution in Britain inspired by?
Aggressive entrepreneurs
Who invented the water frame spinning machine?
Richard Arkwrite
What industry was the first industry to industrialize in Britain?
Cotton textile
What was the power behind the steam engines during the First Industrial Revolution?
Coal
When did Britain’s raw cotton imports increase dramatically
The late 1700’s
What did factory owners institued
- A life of harsh discipline
- rigors of competitive wage labor
What was the way to discipline very young boys and girls working in new British industries?
Repeated Beatings
What did workers do do with their means of production s
Lost them
Workers could only sell their labor for wages as a result of what?
Industrialization
What held Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851?
Crystal Palace
What did Britain do to protect its monopoly?
Prohibited industrial artisans from going abroad
Where did government play a larger role in Continental industrialization?
The European Continent
By what year did the United States and Western Europe close the gap with Great Britain but Russia had not
1850
Why was American industrialization a capital-intensive endeavor
There was a large pool of unskilled laborers in the United States
How did the American system reduced costs and revolutionized production?
labor-saving innovations in manufacturing
What was the European population explosion attributable for?
The disappearance of famine from Western Europe
What resulted in the Great Hunger in Ireland?
THe failure of the potato crop
What was urban life in the nineteenth century symbolized by?
filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities’ slow response to take responsibility for public health
Who advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain’s first Public Health Act
Edwin Chadwick
Who were the new industrial entrepreneurial class
Mostly resourceful individuals with diverse social backrounds
What did women labor in the Industrial Agde do for cahnging traditional working patterns
Nothing
What did The English Poor Act of 1834 establish?
Workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live
What did the Industrial Revolution result in
- betterment of the middle classes
- increased disparity between the richest and poorst classes in society
- led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working class
Who were the Luddities?
Artisans who destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood
What did not achieve the establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847
Effort at industrial reform in the 1830s and 1840’s in Great Britain
What was Romanticism characterized by?
- A strong, pantheistic worship of nature
- a preoccupation with sentiment, suffering, and self-sacrifice
- A reverence for history that inspired nationalism
- A reaction to the excesses of teh Industrial Revolution
Who argued that historical events were largely determined by the deeds of Romantic heroes who transformed society?
Thomas Carlyle
How can the Romantic Movement be viewed?
As a reaction against the Enlightenment’s preoccupation with reasons
What was the most important of Romantic literary expression?
Poetry
What did Romantic artist focused on in tier art?
landscapes and depictions of nature
What type of buildings exhibited in the nineteenth-century revival of medieval architecture?
Neo-Gothic
What was Romanticism in art and music well characterized by?
The compositions of Beethoven
What was TUrner’s paintings described as?
- Airy visions
- Painted with tinted Steam
How where places like Germany, religiously affected by the age of Romanticism?
Experienced a Catholic revival
How did the lower classes remain during the emergence of the late nineteenth-century mass society?
Remained in poverty
By the 1900’s what did Germany emerge as?
A leader in dyestuffs, controlling 90 percent of the market
What did the second Industrial Revolution see the advent of?
Steel
What became a new energy source the drove the Second Industrial Revolution?
Electricity
Who revolutionized the car industry with the mass production of Model T
Henry Ford
Who worked together to control prices and fix production quotas in a cartel
Independent enterprises
What resulted in government planning and initiative?
Industrialization in Japan
What did the increase competition for foreign markets and growing importance of domestic demand for economic development led to in nineteenth-century Europe?
A strong reaction against free trade and imposition of steep protective tariffs by most nations
What did “sweating” jobs for women involve
The subcontracting of piecework, usually in the tailoring trades
During the second Industrial Revolution, what did the working-class organizations emphasizes?
The gender role of women as housewives
What led to a rise in female prostitution in European cities?
Heavy migration to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival
What state had the most successful socialist party in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century?
Germany
What was the issue that united all socialists together in the nineteenth century?
The desire to improve working and living conditions for most workers
Who believed that socialism could be best achieved through the democratic process?
Eduard Bernstein
What was a generally allied with socialist parties but varied from country to country?
Trade Union Movements prior to World War I
Initially, what did trade unions in the first half of the nineteenth-century function as
mutual aid societies
What did early anarchists believe was the best means of achieving true freedom?
Violence
