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Western Civilization > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are crucial to the development of civilization?

A

An urban focus and district religious strucutre

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2
Q

When did women lose social status and power?

A

The development of the Neolithic Revolution

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3
Q

What are 4 Indo-European languages?

A

German, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit

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4
Q

What is the Hebrew conception of God?

A

God is one that is personal and whose word is law

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5
Q

What was the monotheistic religion that developed in the Ancient Near East that focused both on moral ethics and following the law of God

A

Judaism

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6
Q

Who took the complex writing system of the Ancient Near East and simplified it?

A

The Phoenicians

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7
Q

What was the largest and most tolerant of the Near East Empires?

A

Persia Empire

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8
Q

What did the Judo-Christian heritage give Western Civilization?

A

The concepts of monotheism, morality, social justice, and law

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9
Q

What landscape qualities helped shaped the development of civilization in Ancient Greece

A

Valleys, Bays and Harbors, Mountains, and a Long Seacoast

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10
Q

What era of Western Civilization saw the spread of and imitation of Greek culture throughout the Ancient Near East

A

The Hellenistic Era

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11
Q

What did the popularity of Stoicism and Epicureanism philosophies suggest?

A

It suggested that there was an openness to explore thoughts of the University of Humans in the Hellenistic World

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12
Q

What was the result of the development of the Greek polis?

A

Greece being divided into fiercely competitive states

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13
Q

What did the Athenian Democratic develop into during the Age of Pericles?

A

A direct system and Athenians became deeply attached to their system

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14
Q

What was Hellenisitc philosophy concerned about?

A

Human Happiness and not the life of the Greek Polis

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15
Q

The Greek Polis valued what more than anything else. Give an Example

A

It valued the common welfare of it’s citizens. This is why Sparta was so extreme in its values in building the perfect soldier.

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16
Q

When did Jews began to settle in and form thier own communities in cities in Egypt, Asia Minor, and Syria?

A

The Hellenistic Age

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17
Q

What helped pave the way for the rise of Christianity in the Hellenistic World?

A

Popularity of mystery cults and religions

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18
Q

What book celebrated the honor and courage of Greek aristocratic heroes in battle

A

The Iliad

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19
Q

In what book did, Plato believe that kings education as philosophies were the only individuals who could build the perfect society

A

The Republic

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20
Q

Who was the most important figure in the rise of Christianity after Jesus?

A

Paul of the Tarsus

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21
Q

What were part of the “terrible third century” of the Roman Empire

A

Civil War, Natural Disasters, Germanic invasions, and Inflation

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22
Q

What did the Rape of Lucretia represent

A
  1. The end of Etruscan rule in Rome
  2. A model for women’s behavior
  3. The end of Rome’s control by monarchs
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23
Q

What stimulated manufacturing and industry but was ultimately secondary to agriculture in the Early Roman Empire

A

Trade and Commerce

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24
Q

What varied widely in the different areas of the Roman Empire in terms of its extent and speed

A

Romanization

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25
Q

Who were the paterfamilases led by

A

The male head of family

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26
Q

What did Rome offer its most favored allies that help a sucessful expansion

A

Citizenship

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27
Q

What were government back spectacles used to control the masses

A

Gladiatorial shows

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28
Q

Under who’s rule did the Roman Empire turn towards absolutism with the Senate losing power

A

Augustus

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29
Q

What was Rome’s imperial expansion based off of?

A

An opportunity and possibility of wealth and glory

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30
Q

What were the early values of Christianity

A

Humility, Charity, and True brotherly love

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31
Q

Why did Italy’s geography make Rome an ideal location?

A

It was easily defended

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32
Q

What did Augustus halt?

A

Imperial expansion into central Europe

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33
Q

What were policies of the late Roman emperors Diocletian and Constantine based on

A

coercion and loss of freedom

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34
Q

What did the Edict of Milan do? (issued by Emperor Constantine)

A

It made Christianity a tolerated religion in the Roman Empire

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35
Q

Who defeated the Muslims from Spain a the Battle of Tours near Poitiers, France in 732

A

Charles Martel

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36
Q

In Germanic society, what was the legal procedure that developed as an alternative to seeking acts of revenge for injury to one or one’s family

A

The Weregeld

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37
Q

What did the departure of the Roman legions in 410 allow the Anglo ans Saxon Germanic tribes do

A

There were allowed to invade and settle of the island of Britain

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38
Q

In Germanic society, what was believe to reveal the truth of one’s guilt or innocence?

A

The Ordeal

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39
Q

What suported the claim that they held preeminet position in the Roman Catholic Church?

A

The Papay used the Petrine Doctrine

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40
Q

What were western monasticim characterized by?

A

Monks and nuns seeking a structured life of study, work, and prayer

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41
Q

What Pope used monasticism to convert the German peoples of Europe?

A

Pope Gregory the Great

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42
Q

What did the Byzantine emperor Justinians do?

A

made codification of Roman Law is his most lasting contribution to Western Civilzation

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43
Q

What large dome, is know for symbolizing the sphere of heaven?

A

Hagia Sophia

44
Q

What did Iconoclasm resulte in

A

the splitting of the Latin and Greek Orthdox Christians beginning in the 700’s and officially in 1054

45
Q

What happened due to the rise of agriculture in parts of Europe duing the early Middle Ages

A

Forests began to be cleared

46
Q

Because the population was so small in the the Early Middle Ages what did it’s economy subsiste on?

A

A limited argicultural economy

47
Q

The coronation of Charlemagne in 800 symbolized what?

A

The fusion of Roman, Germanic, and christian cultures

48
Q

What were the Carolingian monks instrumenatl in?

A

The preservation of Classical Latin writings by copying the manuscripts in the monasteries

49
Q

What was the Carolingian Renaissance characterized by?

A

Illuminated manuscripts

50
Q

What was the staple of the medieval diet?

A

Bread

51
Q

What were the chief repercussion of the Viking raids of hte 800s and 900s?

A

Increase in the power of local aristocrats to who threatened populations turned to for protection

52
Q

What was the major obligation of a vassal in the Feudal System?

A

Provide his lord military service

53
Q

The economy of the Early Middle Ages was what?

A
  • underdeveloped

- mostly agricultural

54
Q

What were new agricultural methos of the High Middle Ages brough up by?

A

A change from the two-field systme to the three field system

55
Q

What was in contact with every aspcet of a peasant’s life in the High Middle Ages?

A

The Church

56
Q

How was the aristocracy described during the High Middle Ages?

A

Men of War

57
Q

How were women considered in medieval though

A

Considered to be subservient to men and subject to male authority

58
Q

What did marriage amoung the aristocracy establish?

A

Political alliances between families and increase thier wealth

59
Q

WHo assumed the leading role in the revival of trade during the High Middle Ages?

A

Italy

60
Q

Medieval city skylines were dominated by what?

A

Towers of churches, castles, and town halls

61
Q

What method was used in medieval university instruction?

A

Lecture method

62
Q

What did Medieval universities curriculum consist of?

A

Trivium and Quadrivium

63
Q

What led to the to a revival of Classical antiquity?

A

Circulation in the west of Latin translation of philosophical and scientific works saved by Muslims scholars

64
Q

What was scholasticism preoccupied with?

A

The reconciliation of faith with reason

65
Q

What does Vernacular mean

A

local language

66
Q

What landmark scholastic book did Thomas Aquinas write

A

Summa Theologica

67
Q

How were troubadours chiefly encourgaed?

A

With song of courtly love of nobles, knights, and ladies

68
Q

What style architecutre of churches were dominant in the 1000s and 1100s?

A

Romanesque

69
Q

How were Romanedques churches lit

A

They were lit by candle and were notoriously dark

70
Q

What addition allowed Gothic cathedrals to soar upward?

A

Transepts

71
Q

Where did Gothic architecture emerge and was perfected?

A

France

72
Q

Who required all sub vassals to swear allegiance tohim after his conquest of England?

A

William I of England

73
Q

What was one of the great political developments in England during the thirteenth centruy?

A

English Parliament under Edward I

74
Q

How could the Magna Carta be described?

A

As an affirmation of the traditional rights of English barons

75
Q

What strenghtened the power of the Capetian monarchy

A
  • emergence of a council of advice,
  • a Chamber or accounts for finance
  • The Parlement
  • The Estatesl-General
76
Q

By the end of what centruy was Spain fee of Muslim conrol in the northern half of hte country

A

twelth century

77
Q

During the High Middle Ages what did the Holy Roman Emperors attempt to do?

A

exploit the resources of Byzantine civilization

78
Q

What did Russia’s religous developments led to?

A

A close affinity between Russian civilization and Byzantine civilization

79
Q

What did followers of the Cathar (Albigensian) heresy believe?

A

The spirt was pure but the body was corrupt and evil

80
Q

Who accepted accusations of heresy against anyone?

A

The papal inquisition, or the Holy Office

81
Q

What did the Christian Crusades freqently inspier in the High Middle Ages?

A

Persecutions of European Jews

82
Q

What did Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095 promise those who joined the Crusades to recapture the Holy Land?

A

Remission of sins

83
Q

What did the Crusades result in?

A
  • Cultural exchanges between Christians and Muslims
  • Economic growth of Italian port cities
  • Strengthening of European monarches
  • A rise of intolerance and violence against European Jews
84
Q

Where did the bubonic plague originate

A

Asia

85
Q

How much of Eroupe’s population diead because of the Black Death between 1347-1351

A

25-50%

86
Q

What were the reactions to the Black Death

A
  • An increase of violence and murder
  • The formation of gropus like the flagellants
  • An obession with death in everyday life
87
Q

Who was accused of causgin the plague by poisoning town wells during the Black Death

A

Jews

88
Q

What did Ars Moriendi mean

A

The art of dying

89
Q

What did the Black Death do towards workers wages?

A

Raised them becuase of scarcity of labor

90
Q

How did the relationship between the rich and the poor become after the Black Death

A

It got worse as the positions of the landlords deteriorated and they sought to limit the gains of the peasants

91
Q

What cause the English Peasant Revolt of 1381

A

The rising economic expections of ordinary people

92
Q

What was a major issue behind the Hundred Years’ War?

A

Edward III or England’s claim to the French throne

93
Q

What was the desicsive roel of peasant foot soldiers in the Hundred Years’ War a sign of?

A

The decline of feudalism

94
Q

Who saved France by inspiring French soldiers to break the English siege of Orleans?

A

Joan of Arc

95
Q

Who failed to develope a centralized monarchialc state during the 1300’s?

A

Italy and Germany

96
Q

When did the conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and Philop IV France start?

A

When Philip taxed churchmen without the Church’s permission

97
Q

When did hte papacy reside in Avignon?

A

1305-1377

98
Q

What badly damaged the faith of amny Christian believes

A

The Great Schism of the Roman Catholic church from 1378-1415

99
Q

What did Mysticism stress

A

An tensely personal feeling of oneness with God

100
Q

Who claimed that reson could not prove spiritual truth?

A

William of Occam

101
Q

Was is considered teh suprmems ummary of medieval though

A

Dante’s Divine Comedy

102
Q

What did Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales do?

A

It portrayed characters from a variety of starus leves, both high to low-born

103
Q

Who was Petrarch?

A

He was a Florenine who wrote in vernacualr sonnet poems to his love Laura

104
Q

What did the artist Giotto create?

A

Works of art displaying a new kind of realism

105
Q

What was the biggest thirteenth and fourteenth- century invention?

A

Clocks

Western Civilization (7 decks)

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