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Western Civilization > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What did the Italian Renaissance start as?

A

A movement to recover Greco-Roman culture

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2
Q

Luther rejected the sacraments of the Catholic Church except for what 2 things?

A

Baptism and communion

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3
Q

What did the monarchs of the late 1400’s Europe want to do?

A

Expand their political power and acquire more territory

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4
Q

What did the Reformation expand?

A

Public access to primary schooling and improved secondary schooling though the gymnasium

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5
Q

What did people do on the eve of Reformation?

A

People sought for certainty in salvation through a variety of means including the worship of relics and the buying of indulgences

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6
Q

What was the Reformation in England triggered by?

A

Henry’s desire for a male heir

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7
Q

How did John Calvin believe salvation could be earned?

A

Living a decent and godly life

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8
Q

What was the major preoccupation in Renaissance art?

A

Realistic portrayal of the humanist nude

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9
Q

What book stressed that a prince should act without scruples for the good of the state?

A

The Prince

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10
Q

What was the deciding factor that brought about he revolution in France in 1789?

A

The government’s failure to resolve the economic crisis of debt

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11
Q

What document emphasized equality under the law ?

A

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

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12
Q

What was the Scientific Revolution built upon?

A

intellectual and science accomplishments of the previous centuries

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13
Q

What did the sixteenth universities primarily focus on?

A

Classical studies and religion, not new scientific knowledge initially

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14
Q

Who believed that the heliocentric theory was a simpler and more accurate theory of the universe than other theories?

A

Copernicus

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15
Q

What type of art tried to combine religious reformation with classical Renaissance art?

A

Baroque Art

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16
Q

Where were Newton’s theories initially resisted?

A

Europe

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17
Q

Who beleived that mind and matter were separated?

A

Rene Descartes

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18
Q

What offered a new means to make profit and maintian social order in the eighteenth century?

A

Science

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19
Q

What did the scientific revolution represent

A

cooperation in the pursuit of new knowledge

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20
Q

What became the standard form of rule adopted by most monarchies in teh 17th century?

A

Absolutism

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21
Q

What was the growth of the Duth Republic in the 17th century supported by?

A

its economic prosperity

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22
Q

Who ended the “Glorious Revolution” in 1688

A

James II

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23
Q

When was Great Britian’s constitutional monarch begun?

A

1689 with the English Bill of Rights

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24
Q

What is Voltaire renowned for?

A

His criticism of religious intolerance

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25
Q

What did Deism stress?

A

That the creator has no active role in the daily lives of human beings

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26
Q

What did published travel accounts of different culutres druing the Age of Enlightenment stress?

A

The naturalism of the noble savage, cultural relativism, and a skepticism of faith

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27
Q

Who said that the indiviudal must always bow to the general will of the majority?

A

Rousseau

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28
Q

During the eigteenth centure, what did intellecutal life become?

A

More secular with an emphasis on finding the natural laws that governed human life

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29
Q

What did Enlightenment thinkers believe?

A

Scientific analysis along with rational thought would help one understand all aspects of human life

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30
Q

How did the French philosophers (intellectuals) what to change the world?

A

With reason and rationality

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31
Q

Who’s painting of nature represented the Baroque-Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century

A

Balthasar Neuman’s

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32
Q

What did Haydn and Mozart shift?

A

The musical center of Western Civilization from Italy to Central Europe during the eighteenth century

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33
Q

Who believed that government should not be involved in one’s economic life

A

Adam Smith

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34
Q

What were the reason’s the Britain became the world’s first industrial power?

A
  • Rapid population growth
  • surplus of labor
  • agricultural innovations
  • domestic and colonial markers
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35
Q

Who’s music bridged the gap between Classical and Romantic Music?

A

Beethoven’s

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36
Q

What nation had the most successful socialist part in the late 19th adn early 20 th century in Western Europe

A

Germany

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37
Q

What was the first industy to industialize in Great Britian?

A

The cotton textile

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38
Q

What disappeared from Western Europe during the nineteenth century?

A

Famine

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39
Q

What type of buildings represent a revivla of medieval architecutre?

A

Neo-Gothic

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40
Q

What changed mass production?

A

The production of Henry Ford model T

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41
Q

On what continent did the state play a more direct role in supporting industrialization?

A

European continent

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42
Q

What did workers in the early industrial age loss?

A

The means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage

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43
Q

Where did entrepreneurs come from?

A

diverse social background

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44
Q

Who took control of Lombardy and France abandoned Venice in 1870 thus completing the unification of Italy ?

A

Piedmont

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45
Q

What fraction served under Garibaldi?

A

The red shirt military

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46
Q

What did Bismarch use in both domestic and foreign affairs?

A

Realpolitik

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47
Q

When was authoritiarin and militaristic values championed over liberalism and constitutional values?

A

Nineteenth century Germany

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48
Q

Who saw all historical development as the result of class struggles?

A

Marx and Engels

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49
Q

What did Marx believed?

A

That the world would eventually become a classless society

50
Q

What did Darwin’s evolutionary theory emphasize?

A

The idea of the “survival of the fit” in whick advanatgeous natural variants and enviornmental adaptions in organismsm determine thier survival

51
Q

What was the dominant literary and artistic movement in the 1850’s and 1860’s

A

Realism

52
Q

What did the Congress of Vienna determine?

A

To maintain the status quo and balance of power

53
Q

What class embraced liberalism more than any other Western society social class

A

Industrial middle class

54
Q

Wha placed a strong emphasis on individually?

A

Liberalism

55
Q

Why was nationalism in nineteehtn century Europe concidered radical?

A

It encourage people to revolt aginst their imperial rulers

56
Q

What resulted in the empire of Louis Napoleon?

A

France’s 1848 revolution

57
Q

Who pushed many of his revolutionary ideas in 1905?

A

Einstein

58
Q

What does relativity theory argue?

A

That neither time nor space is absolute but relative to the obsrver

59
Q

Who glorified teh irrationality of life?

A

Frederich Nietzsche

60
Q

Who said that the ego is the seat of reason?

A

Freud

61
Q

Who said repression drives unwanted thoughts into the uncoscious

A

Freud

62
Q

What was social darwinism applied to?

A

organic evolution to human social order

63
Q

Who argued that human socieites were evolving and in constant struggle with their environments?

A

Hervert Spencer

64
Q

What is modernism?

A

music focus on exoticism, nationalist themes, and folk and primitive ideas

65
Q

How were Jews treated during the nineteenth century?

A

They were citizens but still faced restrictions in most European nations

66
Q

What was not done for European immigration during the late nineteenth century?

A

Imperialism

67
Q

What was the “open door” policy during the Age of Imperialism?

A

Free trade in China

68
Q

Who did NOT bring political Impedemocracy to India?

A

British impearl rule

69
Q

What annihilatd Western Civilization belief in progress?

A

World War I

70
Q

What was World War I triggered by?

A

Unstable nationalism

71
Q

At the outset of the Great War what did most Europeans believe about war?

A

they beleived that war would be an exciting advencture

72
Q

What did the failure of the German war plans in 1914 result in?

A

A deadly stalemate on the western front

73
Q

When did Government take full control of thier econmies?

A

World War I

74
Q

What did the women workers of World War I help promote

A

womens right to vote

75
Q

Who was the leader of the Bolshiviks who promised “peace, lnad, and bread”

A

V.I. Lenin

76
Q

In the aftermath of World War I what hapenned to birthrates?

A

They noticeabley declined

77
Q

What did the Treaty of Versailles force the Germans to do?

A

acknowledge “war guilty” and to pay reparations

78
Q

After the First World War what happened to Eastern Europe?

A

Eastern Europe became a series of many new nation-states

79
Q

What did the Great Depression led to in Europe?

A

A rise of authoritarian movements in many areas of Europe

80
Q

What did the totalitarian regimes of Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union hope to control?

A

Control every aspect of their citizens’ lives

81
Q

Who brought Germany out of the Great Depression with rearmament and public works?

A

Hitler

82
Q

What did the Stalinist era in 1930 witness?

A

Millions of ordinary citizens arrested and sent into force labor camps

83
Q

What reflected disillusionment with Western Civilization provoked by the horrors of World War I?

A

Artistic and intellectual trends

84
Q

Who was a famous Surrealistic painter?

A

Salvador Dali

85
Q

What did the dada movement in Western art NOT seek to bring?

A

Purpose and ambition back into art and life

86
Q

Who designed post-modern architectural designs?

A

Walter Gropius

87
Q

What did Hitler’s Lebensraum theory maintain?

A

That a nation’s power depended on the amount and kind of land it occupied

88
Q

Why did Japan want an empire?

A

For its expanding population and lack on natural resources

89
Q

When did Adolf Hitler lose World War II?

A

When he declared war on the United States after Pearl Harbor

90
Q

When did war break out between Russia and Germany in 1941?

A

When Germany attacked Russia by surprise

91
Q

Why did President Truman choose to use the atomic bomb?

A

To scare Stalin, see what the bomb could do in a combat situation, were afraid of the potential high casualties of American troops that might occur with an invasion, and were unaware of how deadly the bomb could be

92
Q

What did the “final solution” call for?

A

extermination of all European Jews

93
Q

Why was there civilian bombing?

A

To break the will of the people

94
Q

What did World War II cost?

A

Four Trillion dollars

95
Q

Who suffered the greatest population loss of World Ware II

A

Soviet Union

96
Q

Where did the Allied postwar policy became focused on spheres of influence

A

At Yalta

97
Q

After World War II, how many zones was Germany broke into?

A

4

98
Q

Who became the Western Superpowers following World War II?

A

United States and the Soviet Union

99
Q

Where was the Cold War developed?

A

In eastern Europe because of Stalin’s desire to establish pro-Soviet governments in Eastern Europe to serve as a buffer zone against possible western attacks on the Soviet Union

100
Q

What was the U.S military policy by the 1950’s?

A

A massive retaliation against a Soviet invasion in Europe

101
Q

What stressed the need for people to create their own values and give their lives meaning

A

Existentialism

102
Q

Why was the Common Market In Europe found?

A

For economic reasons, including to promote free trade among member nation

103
Q

Who dominated the art world after World War II?

A

The United States

104
Q

What became the symbol of American cultural diffusion in the postwar years?

A

The motion picture

105
Q

When did TV become available?

A

1940’s

106
Q

What did the “ permissive society” of the 1960’s NOT have?

A

declining rates of divorce

107
Q

In 1960, college studnets DID NOT demonstarted against what?

A

declining student enrollments

108
Q

What did the Vietnam War demonstrate?

A

The limitation of American power and imporved Soviety -American relations

109
Q

What policy eased Cold War Tensions in the 1970’s?

A

The Detente

110
Q

What was not inclued in postmodernism are?

A

Photorealism

111
Q

In teh 1980’s what was not a cause of economic problems?

A

The Soviet Space Station

112
Q

When did the Soviet Union Collapse?

A

1991

113
Q

What did Poland do in 1988 for the first time in 40 years?

A

Held the first free democratic elections in Eastern Europe

114
Q

What is the standard currency of the European Union today?

A

Euro

115
Q

What is the major challenge to unity in Europe today?

A

Many Europeans remained committed to a national identiy and do not see themselves as “Europeans”

116
Q

Who did the United States wage war against after 9/11?

A

Afghanistan

117
Q

What was not one of teh factors that contributed to Islamic terrorist activity against the West?

A

The Defeat of the Muslim Pakistan by India in Kashmire

118
Q

What is Jean Michael Basquiant today?

A

A Neo-Exprssionist artist

119
Q

What industy has not rejected realism?

A

Video game

120
Q

What is the major criticism of our age today?

A

We displace cultural uniqueness and bodily presence

121
Q

What led to a worldwide rescssion?

A

The collape of the U.S. Housing marked in 2007-2008

122
Q

What is a transational corportaion?

A

A company that has divisions in more that two counties

Western Civilization (7 decks)

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