Industrial Transformstion Flashcards

1
Q

From mid 1890s Russia’s economy underwent a major transformation. What was the annual growth rate from 1894-1913 ?

A

Annual growth rate of more than 8% per annum from 1894 to 1913

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2
Q

Impressive expansion initially masterminded by who?

A

Sergei Witte = finance minister 1892-1903 who built on policies established by Ivan Vyshnegrsdsky in 1880s

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3
Q

Russians economic progress in the 11 years of Witte’s tenure =

A

Remarkable

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4
Q

what happened to railway trackage?

A

railway trackage virutally doubled

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5
Q

coal output in southern Russia jumped from how much from 1890-1900?

A

coal output in southern russia jumped from
183 million puds on 1890 to 671 million in 1900

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6
Q

foreign investment soared with France supplying how much of all foreign capital

A

supplying 1/3 of all foreign capital

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7
Q

Britain supplying how much of all foreign capital

A

23%

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8
Q

Germany supplying how much of all foreign capital

A

20%

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9
Q

Belgium supplying how much of all foreign capital

A

14%

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10
Q

USA supplying how much of all foreign capital

A

5%

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11
Q

foreign investment in 1895 vs 1914

A

1896- 280 million of roubles
1914- 2000 millions of roubles

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12
Q

witte deliberately sought to state-manage industrial growth by?

A

seeking capital, technical advisers, managers and skilled workers from overseas

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13
Q

what did Witte introduce in january 1897 and why?

A

a new rouble backed by the value of gold
-in order to strengthen the currency + encourage foreign confidence and investment

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14
Q

foreign investment declined proportionately in early 20th century why?

A

Russian businessmen accumulated sufficient wealth to expand their enterprises and found new ones
-state-involvement remained an essential feature of economic growth throughout period of 1914

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15
Q

why was capital used?

A

to fund public works
develop Russia’s infrastructure :
railways, telegraph lines, and electrical plants
+ develop mines,oilfields and forests for timber

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16
Q

by the early 20th century, the state controlled how much of Russia’s railways?

A

70% of Russia’s railways + held extensive holdings in the growing of ‘heavy industrial plant’

17
Q

years 1903-1913, the government received how much of its income from industrial investments?

A

more than 25% of its income from its industrial investments

18
Q

what was the annual growth rate from 1894-1913?

A

more than 8%

19
Q

how much was coal output in 1890 and 1900?

A

-183 million puds in 1890
-671 million puds in 1900

20
Q

how much coal did the Donbas supply by 1913?

A

87%

21
Q

how much did russian oil production increase between 1885-1913?

A

trebled from 153 million puds to almost 570 million