Industrial Revolution P.2 Flashcards
0
Q
What is a protective tariff?
A
Tax intended to increase prices of imports and protects a country’s industries from foreign competition.
1
Q
What does an entrepreneur do?
A
A person who organizes and operates a business taking on greater than normal financial risks.
2
Q
Define Laissez Faire
A
Leave it alone or hands off
3
Q
What is a patent?
A
Exclusive rights to a product granted by the government.
4
Q
Who is Thomas Edison?
A
Thomas Edison invented the light bulb in 1880. He was the most prolific inventor of the era.
5
Q
Describe the Bessemer Process?
A
Way to purify iron to create steel to build skyscrapers and such.
6
Q
Describe a suspension bridge.
A
Type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders.
7
Q
What is a time zone?
A
Region that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes.
8
Q
What is mass production?
A
The ability to produce things massively.
9
Q
What is a corporation?
A
Independent legal entity owned by shareholders.
10
Q
What is a monopoly?
A
A single company owns all or nearly all the market.
11
Q
What is a cartel?
A
Explicit agreement among competing firms. Just like a monopoly but multiple groups.
12
Q
Who is John D. Rockefeller?
A
A cofounder and tycoon of the standard oil.
13
Q
What is a horizontal integration?
A
System of consolidating (bring everything together) many firms in the same business to lower production costs.
14
Q
What is a vertical integration?
A
The practice of gaining control of many different businesses that make up all phases of a product’s development.
15
Q
Who is Andrew Carnegie?
A
A steel tycoon of the 1800s
16
Q
What is Social Darwinism?
A
Survival of the richest.
17
Q
What is an interstate commerce commission (ICC)?
A
Oversaw railroad operations.
18
Q
What does ICC stand for?
A
Interstate Commerce Commission.
19
Q
What is the Sherman Antitrust Act?
A
Passed in 1880, outlawed trusts that restrained trade among several states.
20
Q
What is a sweatshop?
A
Where you work long days in heat and terrible conditions.
21
Q
Who was Terence V. Powderly?
A
Head of the “Knights of Labor”
22
Q
Who was Samuel Gompers?
A
Founder of the AFL
23
Q
What does AFL stand for?
A
American Federation of Labor
24
What is the "Knights of Labor"?
A labor union in the late 1800s that included all workers from any trade and devoted to broad social reform.
25
What were 3 reasons immigrants were pushed from their homelands?
1. Political upheaval at home.
2. Religious discrimination.
3. Crop failures.
26
What were the 5 major inventions during 1844-1884?
1. Telegraph
2. Sewing machine
3. Safety elevator
4. Lightbulb
5. Steam boiler
27
Who invented the telegraph in 1844?
Samuel Morse
28
Who invented the sewing machine in 1846?
Elias Howe
29
Who invented the safety elevator in 1852?
Elisha Otis
30
Who invented the lightbulb in 1880?
Thomas Edison
31
Who invented the steam boiler in 1884?
Granville Woods
32
What did Samuel Morse invent in 1844?
Telegraph
33
What did Elias Howe invent in 1846?
Sewing machine
34
What did Elisha Otis invent in 1852?
Safety elevator
35
What did Thomas Edison invent in 1880?
Lightbulb
36
What did Granville Woods invent in 1884?
Steam boiler
37
When did Samuel Morse invent the telegraph?
1844
38
When did Elias Howe invent the sewing machine?
1846
39
When did Elisha Otis invent the safety elevator?
1852
40
When did Thomas Edison invent the lightbulb?
1880
41
When did Granville Woods invent the steam boiler?
1884
42
What did Morse's telegraph give a rise to?
Communications Revolution
43
What were 2 debuts during the communications revolution and when?
The telephone debuted in 1876 and the wireless telegraph debuted in 1896.
44
What did railroads encourage?
Innovation
45
Railroads led to what 3 creations?
1. Air brakes were invented in 1869.
2. Refrigerated cars to transport food.
3. Time zones were set.
46
When were air brakes invented?
1869
47
How did railroads help grow American Industry? (2 things)
1. Business obtained raw materials easily.
| 2. They sold products to people far away.
48
Who was Jacob Riis?
A reporter who photographed and documented NY slum life.
49
What was Jacob Riis's work called?
"How the Other Half Lives"
50
Why was Jacob Riis's work (How the Other Half Lives) important?
It helped show upperclassmen how the poor lives. They live in terrible conditions. Many share a room for 5 cents a month. Poop covered the streets. Some slept on top of the piles of poo. The rich could donate money to the poor or groups could help clean up. Safety codes and laws could be enforced more. Regular safety inspections could be made.
51
What were 3 ways industrialization changed how businesses were ran?
1. Business leaders combined funds and resources.
2. Investors formed corporation to protect themselves against losses.
3. Corporations could operate in different regions.
52
What were 3 ways corporations worked to max profits?
1. Paying workers low wages.
2. Paying lower prices for raw materials.
3. Supporting research labs.
53
Who were the 4 tycoons of the 1800s?
1. John D. Rockefeller
2. Andrew Carnegie
3. Cornelius Vanderbilt
4. JP Morgan
54
John D. Rockefeller was a tycoon of what?
Standard oil
55
Andrew Carnegie was a tycoon of what?
U.S steel
56
Cornelius Vanderbilt was a tycoon of what?
Railroads
57
JP Morgan was a tycoon of what?
Banks
58
Define "robber barons"
Took money from poor and drove small businesses under
59
Define "Captains of Industry"
Served the nation and made prices of goods cheaper
60
How is big business good for the country?
Provides jobs, allows for product innovations, and financially supports universities, libraries, and museums.
61
How is big business bad for the country?
Monopolies raise money and bad work conditions.
62
Who thought of "Social Darwinism"?
Charles Darwin
63
What did social Darwinists believe the government should do?
Stay out and thought it was wrong to use public funds to assist the poor.
64
How did the rise of labor unions shape relations among workers, big businesses, and government?
The booming American economy relied on workers, who began to rebel against low pay and unsafe working conditions. Struggles between business owners and workers intensified.
65
Where did laborers often live?
Company towns
66
Where did laborers buy goods at and at what interest?
High interest at company stores.
67
Workers tried what to gain more power against employers?
Collective bargaining
68
What were 3 labor unions of the late 1800s?
1. Knights of Labor
2. American Federation of Labor (AFL)
3. American Railway Union (ARU)
69
Describe the Knights of Labor union.
Included all workers from any trade and devoted to broad social reform.
70
Describe the American Federation Of Labor (AFL) union.
Included skill workers and focused on specific worker issues.
71
Describe the American Railway Union (ARU).
Included railroad workers and conducted the Pullman strike of 1894.
72
Describe socialism
It holds that wealth should be distributed equally to everyone.
73
What made Americans wary of labor unions?
The 1886 Haymarket Riot
74
What were 3 effects of the labor movement?
1. Employers successfully appealed for court orders against unions.
2. Contract disputes and strikes continued as American industry grew.
3. The labor movement split into different factions.
75
Why did immigrants come to the U.S.?
Immigrants came to the U.S. for religious and political freedom for economic opportunities and to escape war.
76
What impact did immigrants have upon society?
Immigrants adopted parts of American culture and Americans adopted parts of immigrant cultures.
77
The foreign-born population of the U.S. nearly doubled between what years?
1870-1900
78
Describe "old immigrants"
They came in pre 1870s. Mainly Protestants from Northern/Western Europe and came as families to settle on farms with family members. They had money, a skill or trade, or an education.
79
Describe "new immigrants"
Happened in post 1870s. Were mainly Catholics or Jews from Southern/Eastern Europe, sometimes came alone, usually settled in cities, and were often poor and unskilled.
80
What were the 3 push factors of immigrants?
1. Farmers were pressured by land reform and low prices.
2. Revolution and war disrupted economies and left political refuges.
3. Religious persecution forced many to flee violence.
81
What were the 3 pull factors of immigrants?
1. U.S. offered plentiful land, employment, and opportunity.
2. Many "chain immigrants" already had family in the U.S.
3. Immigrants could find religious/political freedom in America.
82
What happened to the immigrants when they arrived to America?
They were processed at stations such as Ellis Island in New York harbor. Officers conducted legal and medical inspections.
83
What percentage of immigrants don't get into America and why?
2% because they may have a bad record or incurable disease.
84
Which race were not aloud in?
Chinese
85
Where did the Chinese stay until they were aloud into Angel Island?
They lived in ghettoes.
86
What ran Americanization programs to help recent immigrants learn English and adopt American dress/diet?
Settlement Houses
87
Many believed what about American society was what?
"Melting Pot"
88
What is the "melting pot"?
Where white people of different nationalities blended to create a single culture.
89
What did immigrants often deal with from native-born white Americans?
Nativism and hostility
90
What 2 things led to division and prejudice?
Religious differences and competition for jobs and housing.
91
What luxuries did cities offer to the middle class?
Movies, books, and more.
92
What happened when the streets became more sanitary?
More luxuries such as movies and books.
93
What novel did Mark Twain write in 1873?
"The Gilded Age"
94
More money and more readily available products lead to what?
Conspicuous Consumerism
95
What were one of the effects of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising ?
Americans became more alike in their consumption patterns. They dressed alike , people bought the same kinds of products, and thus phenomenon is known as mass culture.
96
What did Joseph Pulitzer believe?
That the job of the newspaper was to inform people and to stir up controversy. His papers were sensationalistic. His papers competed with William Randolph Heart's papers.
97
What did Horatio Alger write about?
Rags to riches character who achieved the American dream. Who achieved their dreams through hard work.
98
True or false?
Public education expanded rapidly, as grade-school education became compulsory (mandatory) more teenagers began attending high schools, and kindergartens opened.
True
99
As a result of public education expanding, the literacy rate climbed to nearly what percent by 1990?
90%
100
What was education like for immigrants?
School taught English and helped Americanize the,
101
What was education like for women?
Few careers, upsurge in women's colleges, state universities begin accepting women.
102
What was education like for African Americans?
Limited access to white institutions; growth in colleges/universities for African Americans.
