Industrial Revolution Flashcards
How did the US become the #1 industrial country and out produce all other countries?
- technology and inventions
- mass production (assembly line)
- natural resources
Where is the center of the steel industry?
Pittsburgh
What new business model came from this?
The Corporation. It uses investors and stocks to get money to start a company, and use vertical and horizontal integration
What is Vertical Integration?
This is when a company owns everything needed to produce and sell products, which helps them save money
What is Horizontal Integration?
This is when a company gets competing businesses to join theirs when they go out of business
What does the Industrial Revolution result in?
- better living standard
- more leisure time (public swimming pools, bands, opera, sewer systems, pro sports, etc)
- labor and management problems (unions)
- improved transportation
- natural resources used more efficiently
- individuals become more self sufficient
- mail ordering
What creates factories down south?
The invention of the air conditioner.
Where did most immigrants come from at this time?
From southern and eastern Europe
Who comes up with Five and Dime stores (Dollar stores)?
Woolworth
Why are Unions formed?
Because owners were taking advantage of their employees
Describe the Knights of Labor
- leader was Terrence Powderly
- membership was skilled and unskilled workers, and included women, blacks, and immigrants
- goal was to have a new cooperative society (sounds like communism)
- noted strike is the Hay Market
- problems are that ‘new cooperative society’ is unrealistic and there were skilled and unskilled worker disagreements
Describe the American Federation of Labor (AFL)
- leader was Samuel Gompers
- membership was 2.5 million; only skilled workers
- goal was to get higher wages and less hours
- noted strikes are the Homestead and Pullman Strikes
- organized Unions by skill , which gave them more power to strikes
Describe the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
- leaders were Bill Haywood and Mother Jones
- membership was skilled and unskilled workers, though primarily unskilled and miners
- goals were class violence, the rich vs. poor, and socialism
- noted strike was the Coal Strike (1906)
- known as the Wobblies
What did companies do to fight unions?
- yellow dog contracts, which if you signed them you’d agree to not joining unions or going on strike
- workers were black listed if they belonged to a union
- lock workers out of factories
- injunctions (legal order to stop or start doing something)
- Pinkertons, private detectives or security guards that would stop strikes
What was the most violent union?
The Molly Maguires. Irish, Catholic, miners from Pennsylvania
What was Holden vs. Hardy?
Miners in Utah wanted 8 hour days and won the case
What was Lochner vs. New York?
Bakers in New York wanted only ten hour days, but the Supreme Court said it was unconstitutional to limit the number of hours worked because of the pursuit of happiness
Why was Garfield assassinated?
He promised a guy a job in the government if he got elected president because of the Spoil System, and then didn’t give the guy the job and got shot
Who were all railroad entrepreneurs?
- Vanderbilt
- Stanford
- Harriman
- Hill
- Huntington
- Gold
Who was a steel entrepreneur?
Carnegie
Who was a tobacco entrepreneur?
Duke
Who was a meat packing entrepreneur?
Armour
Who was a flour milling entrepreneur?
Pillsbury
Who was an aluminum entrepreneur?
Melon
Who was a banking entrepreneur?
JP Morgan
Who were the oil entrepreneurs?
- Rockefeller (at one point controlled 89% of oil)
- Drake (founded oil in Pennsylvania)
- Sholes (father of American petroleum)
What did Alexander Graham Bell invent?
The telephone
What did Bessemer invent?
The blass furnace, which turns iron into steel
What did Thomas Edison invent?
DC Electricity
What did Howe invent?
Sewing machine
What did McCormick invent?
The reaper, electric milking machine, the tractor, and the cream separator
What was the government’s position on big business?
They pretended to have this laissez-faire attitude towards it, but in reality they completely supported it. Big business made US the most powerful nation in the world, and the governments job was to take care of the nation, not the individual people. They would try to control it sometimes because of the public outcry through the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act
What does the Sherman Antitrust Act do?
It says that one can’t restrict trade. It originally has little impact. It also stopped the Pullman Strike
Who ran the corrupt local government of New York City?
Boss Tweed
Who ran the corrupt local government of Boston?
James Curly
What does Social Darwinism say?
Only the strong will survive. Summers and Spencer preach about this
What is the Gospel of the Wealthy?
This is Social Darwinism with a religious twist. Conwell gives the famous sermon, “Acres of Diamonds”
What is the new social gospel?
People needed to help the less fortunate. This was led by women, particularly Jane Addams and Ellen Starr, who did work in Chicago. They also invented “Project Housing”, which made apartments shaped like dumbbells
What kind of stories did Alger write?
Rags to riches
What did Riis write?
“How the Other Half Lives”. About poverty in the cities
What did Sinclair write?
“The Jungle,” which talks about the meat packing industry
What did Norris write?
“The Octopus”, which compares corporations to an octopus
What did Tarbell do?
She attacked oil, especially Rockefeller and Standard oil
What did Baker write?
“Our New Prosperity”
Who was America’s first historical journalist?
Henry Adams, the grandson of President Adams. He attacked political corruption
What magazine did all of these writers write for?
Harper and McClure. They were considered Mud Rakers by TR
Who were some famous architects?
- Louis Sullivan
- Burhan
- William Jenney
- Frank Lloyd Wright
What did Frank Lloyd Wright come up with in architecture?
- open concept house
- environmental blending
- interior designing
Who were Mugwumps?
People who wanted to change the Spoil System
Who were Stalwarts?
People who wanted to keep the Spoil System
Who were Half Breeds?
Wanted a change, but not necessarily to the Civil Service System
What was the Silver Standard?
- more silver than gold, print more money
- prices go down, loan rates go down
- populists favor this
What was the Gold Standard?
- prices and loans go up
- Republicans favor this
Who was the one Democratic president from 1865-1900?
Cleveland
What does Plessy vs. Ferguson do?
This allows segregation. ‘Separate but equal.’ Leads to blacks being second class citizens
