industrial revolution Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
Industrial Revolution
A
1760 - 1840
- agricultural economy to mechanized economy
- cottage industry to factory system
- “putting out system”
- continuous self-sustaining economic growth
2
Q
where did industrialism begin
A
Great Britain –> Belgium –> France –> Germany
3
Q
Good things about industrialism
A
- natural resources (coal & iron ore)
- access to water (and canals
- raw materials from colonies (cotton)
- control of market from colonies
- strong financial institutions (capitalism)
4
Q
Factory System or textile innovations that led to industrial revolution
A
- Flying Shuttle, John Kay, 1733
- Spinning Jenny, James Hargreaves 1768
- Power Loom, Edmund Cartwright 1787
- Steam Engine, James Watt, 1782
5
Q
Separation of Classes
A
- Upper Class: Royalty & Nobility
- Middle Class: Bourgeoisie - business professionals
- lower class: Proletariat - unskilled labor and agriculture
6
Q
Proletariat
A
- industrial working class
- society organized around labor
- people moved to cities -> overcrowded
- London 1mill (1800) –> 2.3 mill (1850)
- miserable living and working conditions
- 12-6 hr work shifts
- 6 days/week
- no minimum wage
- woman payed less
7
Q
bourgeoisie
A
- industrial middle class
- business leaders, bankers teachers doctors, etc.
- gained money, respectability, and political power
- influence laws and regulations
- country homes
- leisure time
- sought to differentiate selves from proletariat
- strict rules of etiquette and behavior
- controlled means of production
8
Q
British textile production
A
- improvements in agriculture led to increase in food production
- feed more ppl at lower prices w less labor
- flying shuttle enabled weavers to weave faster on a loom 2x output
- spinning Jenny allowed spinners to produce more yarn
9
Q
power source for Cartwright;s loom
A
powered by water and allowed weaving of cloth to catch up w the spinning of yarn
10
Q
power source invented by watt
A
powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3x as quickly as previous engines
11
Q
changes of cost and availability of cotton clothing
A
1760: Britain important 2.4 million Ibs of raw cotton
1787: 22 mill ibs of cotton imported
1840: 366 mill ibs of cotton were being imported
12
Q
What did Henry Cort do
A
developed a system called puddling which removed impurities in iron
13
Q
George Stephenson
A
His rocket ran 32 miles from Liverpool to Manchester. Sped along at 16 miles per hour
14
Q
changes from railroads
A
availability of cheaper and faster means of transportation helped with growth of industrial economy
15
Q
mid 19th century statistics that show Britains industrial success
A
- became world first and richest industrial nation.
- Britain was the “workshop, banker, and trader of the world”.
- produced half of the worlds coal and manufactured goods
16
Q
urban growth
A
- in 1800, Great Britain had one major city, London, with a population of 1 mill, and 6 cities with populations between 50,000 and 100,000
- 50 years later, Londons population had swelled to 2,363,000 and there were 9 cities with populations of more than 100,000 and 18 cities with populations between 50,000 and 100,000. more than 50% of the British population lived in towns and cities by 1950
17
Q
problems in great Britain
A
- the dramatic growth of cities in the first half of the 19th century resulted in miserable living conditions for many inhabitants
- rooms were small and overcrowded. sanitary conditions were appalling; sewers and open drains were common on city streets
- early industrial cities smelled horrible and were unhealthy
- deaths outnumbered births
18
Q
factory workers lives
A
work shifts ranged from 12-16 hours.day, six days a week, w half hour for lunch and dinner
19
Q
health hazards
A
- cave ins, explosions and gas fumes were a way of life
- the cramped conditions - tunnels were often only 3 or 4 feet high - and constant dampness led to deformed bodies and ruined lungs
20
Q
why did factory owners like to hire children
A
- had delicate touch as spinners of cotton and their small size allowed them to crawl under machines to gather loose cotton
- more easily trained to do factory work
- made up an abundant of cheap supply of labor; paid 1/6 to 1/3 of what a man was paid
21
Q
why was there constant crying
A
they beat the children to keep up their attention of vigilance of termination of those extraordinary days of labor
22
Q
What’s bad about the teenagers job
A
she was the only girl with boys and she would get beat and raped
23
Q
Karl Marx and Friedrich engels
A
German philosophers, economists, and political theorists
24
Q
the communist manifesto
A
- human societies develop through class conflict
- capitalism causes conflict between the bourgeoisie (controls means of production) and proletariat
- eventually the proletariat will rise up, take over the means of production and create a “classless society” or “communism”
25
changes by the communist manifesto
- abolish private property and land inheritance
- progressive income tax
- national bank
- universal obligation to labor
- free education
26
capitalism
system in which businesses were privately owned, either by individuals or by a corporation. workers paid, but profit goes to owners
27
the industrial split the society into what 2 opposing classes
Bourgeoisie (oppressors)
- owned means of production and had power to control government and society
Proletariat (oppressed)
- depended on owners of the means of production
28
German social democratic party (SPD)
founded in 1875, it supported revolutionary marxist rhetoric while organizing itself as a mass political party competing in elections for the reichstag (lower house of parliament)
- reviosionist pary
- evolution through democratic means
29
1603
Japan: start of Tokugawa shogunate
30
late 1700s
industrial revolution begins in Britain
31
1833
first factory act; parliament begins regulation of industry
32
1842
treaty of Nanjing ends opium war
33
1848
communist manifesto published by Friedrich Engels and Karl marx
34
1850-1864
taiping rebellion in china
35
1868
Japan: end of Tokugawa shogunate; Meiji restoration
36
1875
in germany, formation of the social democratic party
37
1900
8 nations invade china, to stop the boxer rebellion
38
1937
china: Japan's attack on Beijing begins World War II in asia
39
1941
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; entry of U.S. into world war II
40
Old Imperialism
Motives
- "christians and spices"
- gold, glory, god
Control over conquered land through colonies
41
New Imperialism
Motives
- raw materials
- new markets and customers
- social darwinism (fittest survive)
- christian missionaries
- nationalism
Control over land through government intervention and military force
42
nationalism
extreme love of country
43
Treaty of Nanjing
- open 5 ports to Britain
- limit tariffs on imported British goods
- ceded hong kong to Great Britain
- ended opium war
44
why the British east india company started selling opium in china
- get goods they wanted from china
- destabilize government and society
45
how to mantis (Qing dynasty) reacted to British selling opium in china
- they were concerned and imperial official Lin zexu, had task of restricting the opium trade
- Lin attacked on 3 fronts, imposing penalties on smokers, arresting dealers, and seizing supplies from importers as they tried to smuggle the drug into china
- causing his downfall, he blockaded the foreign factory in canton to force traders to hand over their opium
- british government said the people were being insulted and treated with injustice and they launched a naval expedition to punish the Qing and force them to open china to foreign trade
46
taiping reabellion
- peasant revolt against Qing dynasty
- led by hong xiuquan
- failed civil examination
- led by the "god worshipping society"
- peasants forced to sharecropping
47
in the 5 treaty ports, the policy of extraterritoriality allowed europeans to do what
under control of their own consuls and not subject to the laws of the country in which they resided
48
causes of taiping rebellion
- increased taxes
- decline in government power
- peasants forced unto sharecropping
49
revisionism
reform through political parties, not a violent revolution
- evolution through democracy
- German democratic socialist party (SPD)
50
1st opium war
Great Britain wanted access to trade
- tea, silk, china
- had nothing in return to sell except opium
- Chinese emperors made it illegal in 1729, so smuggling by British merchants grew
- Chinese blockaded British trade so, British destroyed blockades
- British threaten them "gunboat diplomacy" to sign treaty of Nanjing 1842
51
self strengrthening
- westernized
- introduced western methods of technology to revive the Chinese
- military: weapons and training
- diplomacy: language and news
- economy: western trade
- education: language and mathematics
52
sino-japanese war
- Qing empire vs Japan over influence over Korea
- decisive Japanese victory
- china declared Korea independent
- ceded Taiwan and port Arthur
- demonstrates Qing failure to modernize military and japan's modernization
- first time dominance shifted from china to Japan
- European nations began to make demands on china
53
motives for new imperialism
raw materials, new markets, social darwinism, christian missionaries, nationalism
54
spheres of influence
territories that countries influence politics and economics
55
emperor dowager cixi's reaction
- supported princinples of the 100 days of reform
- she didn't want foreigners to take advantage of any of their weaknesses and she was worried about them not having bureacratic support
- after kang youwei's death, her nephew was the throne and she became a dominant force in court
- 2 decades she ruled is his name as regent
- with aid of conservatives in the army, she arrested and executed several of the reformers and had the emperor incarcerated in the palace, with cixis palace coup the 100 days of reform came to an end
56
the open door policy
- motivated by us preference for open markets than by a benevolent wish to protect china
- imperialist powers join together to ensure equal access to china market for all states and guarantee the territorial administrative integrity of the chinese empire
- reduced imperialist hysteria over access to china
57
the society of righteous and harmonious fists (boxers)
- anti-christians
- provoked by damaging drought and high unemployment caused in party by foreign activity
- attacked foreign residents
58
what happened in the late summer of 1900
- international expeditionary force arrived
- as punishment, foreign troops destroyed temples in the capital suburbs, and the chinese government was compelled to pay a heavy indemnity to the foreign governments involved in suppressing the uprising
59
tariffs
taxes on imported goods
60
feudalism
decentralized political order in which local lords owe loyalty and provide military service to a king or more powerful lord
61
shogunate
hereditary military dictatorship of japan
62
shogun
powerful military leaders (general)
63
bakufu
- "tent government" centralized government
- coalition of daimyo and council of elders
64
daimyo
wealthy landowners, didn't pay taxes
65
shogunate system
the system of government in japan in which the emperor exercised only titular authority while the shogun (regional military dictators) exercised actual political power
66
samurai
soldiers retained by local lords to provide protection and security to wealthy landowners
67
ronin
people released from servitude and became "unemployed warriors
68
most successful unifier
tokugawa
69
tokugawa
- named himself shogun, initiating the most powerful and long lasting of all Japanese shogunates
- viewed Spanish and Portuguese missionaries as a threat
- banned christianity
- Japanese forbidden to travel abroad
- dutch and Chinese trade in Nagasaki
- manufacturing
- silk, cotton, paper, porcelain, sake
- infrastructure
70
sakoku
closed country
71
sat-cho alliance
- satsuma and chosun
- opposed kanagawa
- rebelled to end opening
- ended tokugawa shogunate
72
the treaty of kanagawa
open trade
opened 2 ports to U.S.
73
tokugawa "great peace"
- daimyos assigned territories based on their support to tokugawa
- required to maintain residence in edo
- family hostages
- great cost of travel ensured decreasing wealth
- social order frozen -> mobility prohibited
- samurai = bureaucrats and ronin
- peasants not allowed to find other work
74
meiji restoration
- period of comprehensive reform, modernization and industrialization
- Japan need to modernize
75
effects of Meiji restoration
- move capital to edo (Tokyo)
- abolish hereditary privileges
- samurai given payouts
- westernized political system
- executive branch
- bicameral parliament (diet)
- democratic in form, despotic in practice
- government subsidies (grant of money) helped pay for industrialization
- weapons, ship building, silk, sake
- close relationship between government and industry
76
class system in Japan
1. emperors
2. shogun
3. daimyo
4. samurai
5. peasants and artisans
6. merchants
77
zaibatsu
- capitalism conglomerates
- organized around a single family
- manufacturing consolidated into single enterprises
- concentrated wealth and power into a few families and industries
- rapid growth of modern industries
