industrial revolution Flashcards
Industrial Revolution
1760 - 1840
- agricultural economy to mechanized economy
- cottage industry to factory system
- “putting out system”
- continuous self-sustaining economic growth
where did industrialism begin
Great Britain –> Belgium –> France –> Germany
Good things about industrialism
- natural resources (coal & iron ore)
- access to water (and canals
- raw materials from colonies (cotton)
- control of market from colonies
- strong financial institutions (capitalism)
Factory System or textile innovations that led to industrial revolution
- Flying Shuttle, John Kay, 1733
- Spinning Jenny, James Hargreaves 1768
- Power Loom, Edmund Cartwright 1787
- Steam Engine, James Watt, 1782
Separation of Classes
- Upper Class: Royalty & Nobility
- Middle Class: Bourgeoisie - business professionals
- lower class: Proletariat - unskilled labor and agriculture
Proletariat
- industrial working class
- society organized around labor
- people moved to cities -> overcrowded
- London 1mill (1800) –> 2.3 mill (1850)
- miserable living and working conditions
- 12-6 hr work shifts
- 6 days/week
- no minimum wage
- woman payed less
bourgeoisie
- industrial middle class
- business leaders, bankers teachers doctors, etc.
- gained money, respectability, and political power
- influence laws and regulations
- country homes
- leisure time
- sought to differentiate selves from proletariat
- strict rules of etiquette and behavior
- controlled means of production
British textile production
- improvements in agriculture led to increase in food production
- feed more ppl at lower prices w less labor
- flying shuttle enabled weavers to weave faster on a loom 2x output
- spinning Jenny allowed spinners to produce more yarn
power source for Cartwright;s loom
powered by water and allowed weaving of cloth to catch up w the spinning of yarn
power source invented by watt
powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3x as quickly as previous engines
changes of cost and availability of cotton clothing
1760: Britain important 2.4 million Ibs of raw cotton
1787: 22 mill ibs of cotton imported
1840: 366 mill ibs of cotton were being imported
What did Henry Cort do
developed a system called puddling which removed impurities in iron
George Stephenson
His rocket ran 32 miles from Liverpool to Manchester. Sped along at 16 miles per hour
changes from railroads
availability of cheaper and faster means of transportation helped with growth of industrial economy
mid 19th century statistics that show Britains industrial success
- became world first and richest industrial nation.
- Britain was the “workshop, banker, and trader of the world”.
- produced half of the worlds coal and manufactured goods
urban growth
- in 1800, Great Britain had one major city, London, with a population of 1 mill, and 6 cities with populations between 50,000 and 100,000
- 50 years later, Londons population had swelled to 2,363,000 and there were 9 cities with populations of more than 100,000 and 18 cities with populations between 50,000 and 100,000. more than 50% of the British population lived in towns and cities by 1950
problems in great Britain
- the dramatic growth of cities in the first half of the 19th century resulted in miserable living conditions for many inhabitants
- rooms were small and overcrowded. sanitary conditions were appalling; sewers and open drains were common on city streets
- early industrial cities smelled horrible and were unhealthy
- deaths outnumbered births
factory workers lives
work shifts ranged from 12-16 hours.day, six days a week, w half hour for lunch and dinner
health hazards
- cave ins, explosions and gas fumes were a way of life
- the cramped conditions - tunnels were often only 3 or 4 feet high - and constant dampness led to deformed bodies and ruined lungs
why did factory owners like to hire children
- had delicate touch as spinners of cotton and their small size allowed them to crawl under machines to gather loose cotton
- more easily trained to do factory work
- made up an abundant of cheap supply of labor; paid 1/6 to 1/3 of what a man was paid
why was there constant crying
they beat the children to keep up their attention of vigilance of termination of those extraordinary days of labor
What’s bad about the teenagers job
she was the only girl with boys and she would get beat and raped
Karl Marx and Friedrich engels
German philosophers, economists, and political theorists
the communist manifesto
- human societies develop through class conflict
- capitalism causes conflict between the bourgeoisie (controls means of production) and proletariat
- eventually the proletariat will rise up, take over the means of production and create a “classless society” or “communism”
changes by the communist manifesto
- abolish private property and land inheritance
- progressive income tax
- national bank
- universal obligation to labor
- free education
capitalism
system in which businesses were privately owned, either by individuals or by a corporation. workers paid, but profit goes to owners
the industrial split the society into what 2 opposing classes
Bourgeoisie (oppressors)
- owned means of production and had power to control government and society
Proletariat (oppressed)
- depended on owners of the means of production
German social democratic party (SPD)
founded in 1875, it supported revolutionary marxist rhetoric while organizing itself as a mass political party competing in elections for the reichstag (lower house of parliament)
- reviosionist pary
- evolution through democratic means
1603
Japan: start of Tokugawa shogunate
late 1700s
industrial revolution begins in Britain
