Industrial Microbiology 1 Flashcards
what is industrial microbiology
-Use of microorganisms in industrial processes; e.g. the production of high-value products such as drugs, chemicals, fuels and electricity.
-Produces products to carry out chemical transformation
-major organisms are fungi and strepomyces
where does industrial microbiology originate from
alcoholic fermentation
what is microbial biotechnology
The production of commercial products or gain or benefit or output, through the use of microorganisms or part thereof.
what is biotechnology
-is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the production of materials by biological agents
-Origins go back to fermentation- e.g contaminated alcohol caused the manufacture of vinegar, food and food preservatives
what are the properties of a useful industrial microbe
-Produces spores or can be easily inoculated
-Grows rapidly on a large scale
-Produces desired product quickly
-Should not be pathogenic
-Amenable to genetic manipulation
what are primary metabolites involved in
are directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction.
what are secondary metabolites involved in
have important ecological functions, and are often species specific.
what are some examples of industrial products
-Amino Acids in Food and Medicines
-Enzymes Used in Foods and Medicines
-Vitamins Used as Food Supplements
what are fermenters
enable specific microbes to grow inside- in fermentation (might not be anaerobic)
what are antibiotics
-are chemical substances produced by microorganisms which are effective in dilute solution in preventing the spread of other microorganisms.
-Most inhibit growth rather than kill microorganisms.
what metabolite are antibiotics
secondary
what is penicillin
a narrow spectrum antibiotic Chloramphenicol – a broad spectrum antibiotic- penicillin fermentation- inhibit rather than kill
what are enzymes are commercially important
Amylase, pectinase and several proteases
what does streptokinase do
breaks down blood clots formed during a heart attack
what does Hyaluronidase facilitates
absorption of fluids injected under the skin
what are Lactones produced by
produced by species of fungi are used for flavour and aroma enhancement
how are vitamins related to antibiotics
-Production of vitamins is second only to antibiotics in terms of total pharmaceutical sales
-Vitamin B12 produced exclusively by microorganisms
-Deficiency results in pernicious anaemia
What are amino acids used for
-Used as feed additives in the food industry
-Used as nutritional supplements in nutraceutical industry
-Used as starting materials in the chemical industry
what are examples of amino acids
Glutamic acid (Monosodium glutamate MSG), Aspartic acid and phenylalanine (aspartame [NutraSweet]) and Lysine (food additives)
what are exoenzymes
Enzymes that are excreted into the medium instead of being held within the cell; they are extracellular and can digest insoluble polymers such as cellulose, protein, and starch
how are enzymes useful as industrial catalysts
as they produce only one stereoisomer and have a high substrate specificity
what is SCP
-Single cell protein comprises the cells, or their products, of microorganisms which are grown for animal and human consumption
-The product also contains fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals
-Raw materials: petroleum chemicals, alcohols, sugars, agricultural & industrial wastes
why is it 30-300
less 30 is randomness and underestimates the true numbers and over 300 there is crowding
