Industrial Microbiology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is industrial microbiology

A

-Use of microorganisms in industrial processes; e.g. the production of high-value products such as drugs, chemicals, fuels and electricity.
-Produces products to carry out chemical transformation
-major organisms are fungi and strepomyces

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2
Q

where does industrial microbiology originate from

A

alcoholic fermentation

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3
Q

what is microbial biotechnology

A

The production of commercial products or gain or benefit or output, through the use of microorganisms or part thereof.

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4
Q

what is biotechnology

A

-is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the production of materials by biological agents
-Origins go back to fermentation- e.g contaminated alcohol caused the manufacture of vinegar, food and food preservatives

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5
Q

what are the properties of a useful industrial microbe

A

-Produces spores or can be easily inoculated
-Grows rapidly on a large scale
-Produces desired product quickly
-Should not be pathogenic
-Amenable to genetic manipulation

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6
Q

what are primary metabolites involved in

A

are directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction.

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7
Q

what are secondary metabolites involved in

A

have important ecological functions, and are often species specific.

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8
Q

what are some examples of industrial products

A

-Amino Acids in Food and Medicines
-Enzymes Used in Foods and Medicines
-Vitamins Used as Food Supplements

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9
Q

what are fermenters

A

enable specific microbes to grow inside- in fermentation (might not be anaerobic)

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10
Q

what are antibiotics

A

-are chemical substances produced by microorganisms which are effective in dilute solution in preventing the spread of other microorganisms.
-Most inhibit growth rather than kill microorganisms.

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11
Q

what metabolite are antibiotics

A

secondary

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12
Q

what is penicillin

A

a narrow spectrum antibiotic Chloramphenicol – a broad spectrum antibiotic- penicillin fermentation- inhibit rather than kill

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13
Q

what are enzymes are commercially important

A

Amylase, pectinase and several proteases

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14
Q

what does streptokinase do

A

breaks down blood clots formed during a heart attack

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15
Q

what does Hyaluronidase facilitates

A

absorption of fluids injected under the skin

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16
Q

what are Lactones produced by

A

produced by species of fungi are used for flavour and aroma enhancement

17
Q

how are vitamins related to antibiotics

A

-Production of vitamins is second only to antibiotics in terms of total pharmaceutical sales
-Vitamin B12 produced exclusively by microorganisms
-Deficiency results in pernicious anaemia

18
Q

What are amino acids used for

A

-Used as feed additives in the food industry
-Used as nutritional supplements in nutraceutical industry
-Used as starting materials in the chemical industry

19
Q

what are examples of amino acids

A

Glutamic acid (Monosodium glutamate MSG), Aspartic acid and phenylalanine (aspartame [NutraSweet]) and Lysine (food additives)

20
Q

what are exoenzymes

A

Enzymes that are excreted into the medium instead of being held within the cell; they are extracellular and can digest insoluble polymers such as cellulose, protein, and starch

21
Q

how are enzymes useful as industrial catalysts

A

as they produce only one stereoisomer and have a high substrate specificity

22
Q

what is SCP

A

-Single cell protein comprises the cells, or their products, of microorganisms which are grown for animal and human consumption
-The product also contains fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals
-Raw materials: petroleum chemicals, alcohols, sugars, agricultural & industrial wastes

23
Q

why is it 30-300

A

less 30 is randomness and underestimates the true numbers and over 300 there is crowding