Industrial Era -> Modern Era Flashcards
What weapons were used in the Industrial Era?
How did they stay the same and change into the Modern Era?
Industrial Era:
-Artillery used often in battle which could fire about 500m, could also fire grapeshot and canisters -Flintlock muskets used by 1700 -Cavalry armed with pistols and swords -Infantry used bayonets on muskets, replacing pikes
Continuity (1700-1900):
-Artillery continued to be a key weapon throughout the period -Brown bess musket used for 130 years since 1715 -Cavalry had similar weapons throughout the period
Change (1700-1900):
Up to 1850: –Industrial revolution meant that new techniques developed to make lighter field artillery, minie bullets
After 1850: –BRASS (Breach loading, Rifling, Ammunition, Smokeless powder, Steel casting), applies to cannons and Rifles –Machine guns, Gatling gun from 1860’s and Maxim Gun from 1890’s (500 bullets per minute)
What tactics and strategies were used in the Industrial Era?
How did they stay the same and change into the Modern Era?
Industrial Era:
-Combination of musketeers and pikemen, line and square formations -From 1640’s Cavalry used as “shock troops”
Continuity (1700-1900):
-Infantry remained the dominant force on the battlefield -Limited warfare from 1700-1850 -Raids, skirmishes and sieges were more common than battles
Change (1700-1900):
-Improvement in musket fire and marching made infantry manoeuvres more rapid, Generals had more varied options and more opportunities in changing formations or tactics quickly -Artillery could be moved far quicker -Cavalry used more for scouting, harassing the enemy and skirmishing rather than full on attacks, they were only important in the traditional sense -After 1850 improvements in weapons made defence significantly more powerful as shown in the Crimean war e.g. battle of balaclava -Government changed strategy to accommodate the need for transport
What was the composition and command of armies like in the Industrial Era?
How did they stay the same and change into the Modern Era?
Industrial Era:
-Ratio of soldiers to cavalry fluctuated bu was mostly at about 3-1 to 2-1 -Meritocratic system in the New Model Army however it did not last long due to remaining officers
Continuity (1700-1900):
-Infantry still dominant force -Cavalry valued highly despite decline in effectiveness -Officer class sill dominated by upper class who bought their commissions rather than obtained them
Change (1700-1900):
-Before 1850: –Standing Army approx. 500,000 men and grew larger during wartime, cavalry about 20% of army
-After 1850: –Army size accelerated due to growth in the Empire –Cardwell Reforms ended the purchase system so officers were promoted based of merit
What was recruitment like in the Industrial Era?
How did they stay the same and change into the Modern Era?
Industrial Era:
-Standing Army was paid -Short 8-12 year enlistments and life long 21 year enlistments -Most men were pressured or forced to join the army
Continuity (1700-1900):
-Standing Army faced little change for its existence -Pay remained the main incentive, men were often recruited in inns and during wartime criminals and debtors were released from prison to join up, this made standards of recruits poor -Militia Act 1757, parish lists of men aged 18-50 could be used to pick men for 5 years
Change (1700-1900):
-In 1850’s the Crimean war exposed many problems with recruitment
-CARDWELL REFORMS helped make the army more attractive by lowering service length and reorganising regiments -Conditions improved, rations improved and flogging ended, purchase system was abolished
What was training like in the Industrial Era?
How did it stay the same and change into the Modern Era?
Industrial Army:
-New Model Army improved training due to regular pay and training by experienced soldiers -New Model Army continued to stand after the civil war and played a role in politics
Continuity (1700-1900):
-Training stayed the same for a long period as commanders viewed it as a minor part of the army so they thought it could be left to individual officers with no overall policy
Change (1700-1900):
-Manuals andRegulations issued in 1700’s but it was not widely used -Royal Military academy established in Woolwich in 1741 and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst set up in 1800 -Many more training opportunities arose for cadets, officers and trainers gave the army a professional feel by 1900
What were provisions like in the Industrial Era?
How did they stay the same and change into the Modern Era?
Industrial Era:
-Free Quarter: Armies forced communities to house and feed soldiers, they left a receipt that was mostly not paid by anyone apart from the new model army
Continuity (1700-1900):
-Requisitioning still sometimes necessary (E.g. Ships used to transport troops)
Change (1700-1900):
-After the disastrous management of supplies during the Crimean war of 1850’s, changes were introduced to make supplying the army more professional -War office took control of all supplies
What was the experience of civilians like in the Industrial Era?
How did it stay the same and change into the Modern Era?
Industrial Era:
-Civil war (as it was on home turf) affected more civilians -More damage done to crops/houses during the Civil War (55,000 people mad homeless)
Continuity (1700-1900):
-Militia Act still unpopular as men were forced to sign up -Requisitioning still remained unpopular -Taxation was still a burden that increased during war time
Change (1700-1900):
-Impact on civilians was relatively minor compared to the civil war in 1600’s -From 1850-1900 there was no physical impact on civilians -Increased press coverage made people more aware of war and therefore more politically active, this put pressure on the government to increase standards for troops during Crimean war. Photographers such as Roger Fenton showed the atrocities of the war -News communicated largely by telegraph prompted changes in society e.g. Pacifism
How did Reporting and Photography change and what impacts did it have ?
- 1815 (Waterloo) The Times’ circulation was 5000, by 1850 it was 50,000, Many more provincial papers also emerged by 1850
- William Howard Russel wrote many reports on the Crimean war for the Times and Roger Fenton photographed the war
- This coverage showed the reality of war, results could no longer be covered up by Generals and biased reports
