Industrial development, land issues and social issues 1855-1894

Question 1

What was the peasant land bank

Answer 1

1886, lent money for land expansion, to buy land off nobles and dealt with contracts that were used to encourage peasants to buy and sell land ect

Question 2

Was the peasant land bank successful

Answer 2

proved successful through the emergence of the kulaks- enterprising peasants
26 million hectares of land bought by peasants which proved it to be successful

unsuccessful as Peasants’ Land Bank was somewhat limited in its effectiveness by a lack of funding; it was also not nearly as generous as the Nobles’ Land Bank, which had lower interest rates.

Question 3

How were yields compared to parts of western europe

Answer 3

Yield’s remained three times lower than other western european agricultural economies

Question 4

What potential did emancipation give to the economy

Answer 4

Had the potential to stimulate the economy
through the emancipation terms peasants could now buy and sell land which allowed larger scope for enterprise and the expansion of a domestic market

Question 5

What four things restricted economic growth

Answer 5

The Mir
High taxation
Redemption payments
Grain requisitions

Question 6

Who were the Kulaks

Answer 6

Enterprising peasants
1878 50 percent of peasants could produce a surplus

Question 7

Why was land allocation a problem

Answer 7

Because every male that had been born in te village was to be allocated land which would mean that the land would divide up into smaller allocations

Question 8

Why was the mir restrictive

Answer 8

Old and traditional methods, strip farming ect lowered peasant incentive which allowed little scope for agrian innovations

Question 9

What type of economy was russia

Answer 9

Agricultural economy

Question 10

How much hectors of land did a peasant inherit

Answer 10

4

Question 11

How did the nobility try to take advantage of the land reallocations

Answer 11

Took the best land for themselves

Question 12

When was the famine

Answer 12

1891-2

Question 13

Why was the famine disastrous- people and economy

Answer 13

Because it was man made- Vyshnegradsky proposed that people shall not eat but export. this heavy emphasis on exportation left Russians hungry and increased disease. caused 300,000 deaths
Russian economy struggled

Question 14

What did Russia lack that lagged the economy

Answer 14

A middle class

Question 15

Who was Von Routern and what did he believe about the economy (1862 to 1878)

Answer 15

That the economy needed to be state controlled

Question 16

Was the economy transformed under Von Reutern (1862 to 1878)

Answer 16

6 percent growth through certain reforms like
Tax farming abolished
Reduce of tariffs
and a state bank in 1860- According to the charter, it was responsible for promoting ‘the revival of trade turnover and the resilience of the monetary system’.

Question 17

Who was Vyshnegradsky

Answer 17

He served as the Russian Finance minister from 1887 to 1892.

Question 18

Witte’s policies

Answer 18

1)State-sponsored development of heavy industry and railways
2) foreign loans investment and expertise
3)High tariffs on foreign goods
4)Ruble to the gold standard
5)Raise tax
6)Exports of grain

Question 19

1)State-sponsored development of heavy industry and railways

Answer 19

Rail ways to boost market railways booted metallurgical and call industries by 1890s 60% of all iron and steel was consumed by railways he also invested in private industries
More railways means more transportation of goods which are boosted the market

Question 20

Criticisms of Witte

Answer 20

• High tariffs meant that foreign industrial commodities were expensive and the lack of consumer market made it hard for ordinary Russians
• he focused too much on heavy industry than light industry, which meant that tools needed to be imported
  -neglected agriculture which needed investing

Question 21

High tariffs on foreign goods

Answer 21

Protected domestic industries against foreign competition and him and less money flowed out of Russia

Question 22

Rouble to the gold standard

Answer 22

Added security for foreign investors, which attract capital from abroad

Question 23

Taxation raises

Answer 23

Inc indirect tax on items on vodka for example and this increased grain exports

Question 24

Was witte successful

Answer 24

1890’ s there was a great spurt
especially in heavy industry iron 6 million to 76 million and coal x 3
- major world producer in iron and steel
However In 1899 there was an international recession
in 1903 which he was dismissed