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608 Pharmacology > Induction Agents > Flashcards

Induction Agents Flashcards

1
Q

induction agent

A

chemical agent that allows intubation which bridges the gap between premed and inhalant anesthetics

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2
Q

4 Most Commonly Seen Induction Agents in Veterinary Practice

A
  1. Propofol
  2. Alfaxalone
  3. Etomidate
  4. Ketamine
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3
Q

Two Possible MOAs for Induction Agents

A
  1. GABAa agonist
  2. NMDA antagonist
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4
Q

What’s the right propofol dose?

A

titrate to effect

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5
Q

Can you give Propoflo28 to cats?

A

Only once! Cats cannot metabolize the benzyl alcohol preservative that is added to increase shelf life.

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6
Q

main inhibitory NT of the CNS

A

GABA

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7
Q

main excitatory NT of the CNS

A

NMDA (glutamate)

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8
Q

Which of the four main induction agents is an NMDA antagonist?

A

ketamine

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9
Q

Onset and Duration of Propofol

A

fast onset, short duration

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10
Q

CNS Effects of Propofol

A

hypnosis, decreased ICP and blood flow, decreased oxygen demand

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11
Q

Respiratory Effects of Propofol

A

depressant (speed and dose dependent)

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12
Q

CV Effect of Propofol

A

depressant

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13
Q

inotrope

A

drug that affects contractility of the heart

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14
Q

Does propofol cause hypo or hypertension?

A

hypotension (transient and dose-dependent, goes away when drug wears off)

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15
Q

Is propofol a positive or negative inotrope?

A

negative

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16
Q

Is propofol safe for c-sections?

A

yes

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17
Q

Why is propofol not good for cats?

A

can cause RBC lysis/Heinz body anemia with repeated administrations

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18
Q

Main excretion of propofol?

A

liver

19
Q

What drug is known as “clear propofol?”

A

Alfaxalone

20
Q

Can cats have alfaxalone?

A

yes! Better than propofol because no RBC lysis

21
Q

Can alfaxalone be given IM?

A

yes

22
Q

Onset and Duration of Alfaxalone

A

fast onset, short duration

23
Q

Do you see alfaxalone side effects if given IM?

A

not so much

24
Q

Effects of Propofol and Alfaxalone on Intraocular Pressure

A

Propofol will decrease IOP, Alfax will increase IOP

25
Q

Etomidate Onset and Duration

A

fast onset, short duration

26
Q

Etomidate effect on Cardiovascular System

A

NONE/MINIMAL, good for heart failure, stenosis, etc

27
Q

Why is etomidate not used more if it’s so much better for the cardiovascular system?

A

absolutely must be given with a co-induction agent, can cause stiffness, retching/vomiting, pain on injection, and adrenocortical suppression

so overall induction quality is poor

28
Q

NMDA Antagonist

A

prevents uptake of calcium

29
Q

Cyclohexanes

A

dissociative anesthetic agents which include ketamine, tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol)

30
Q

What two induction agents must only be given IV?

A

propofol and etomidate

31
Q

Routes of Administration of Ketamine

A

IV, IM, buccal

32
Q

Can ketamine be given alone?

A

technically yes but it needs a VERY strong premed, otherwise the animal will be too stiff (muscle rigidity)

33
Q

Which induction agent is a CNS stimulant?

A

ketamine!

34
Q

CNS Effects of Ketamine

A

dissociation, INCREASED ICP, blood flow, and oxygen demand

35
Q

Respiratory Effects of Ketamine

A

bronchodilator! (not so much of a depressant comparatively)

36
Q

Can you give cats with HCM ketamine?

A

NO

37
Q

Overall Cardiovascular Effect of Ketamine

A

INCREASE because the catecholamine surge from adrenal stimulation overrides the negative inotropic effect

38
Q

Which two agents are safe for c-sections?

A

propofol and alfaxalone

39
Q

Nystagmus is a side effect of which induction agent?

A

ketamine (increased IOP)

40
Q

Tiletamine

A

cyclohexane which is slower to be metabolized than ketamine so it lasts longer (but can be nephrotoxic in rabbits)

41
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

muscle relaxing agents for co-induction

midazolam (water soluble) and diazepam (lipid soluble)

42
Q

Lidocaine

A

co-induction agent good for analgesia, antiarrhythmic (VPCs), and MAC reductive

43
Q

Main Induction agent in horses?

A

ketamine, +/- guaifenesin

608 Pharmacology (13 decks)

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