Indolence

Question 1

What effect did Spanish rule have on Filipino traditions according to Rizal?

Answer 1

Filipinos were losing their traditions

Question 2

What were Filipinos beginning to do in response to their situation under Spanish rule?

Answer 2

Awakening to their situation and demanding reforms

Question 3

What did Rizal argue Spain must grant to the Philippines to avoid a violent revolution?

Answer 3

Reforms such as representation and a free press

Question 4

What did Rizal predict would happen to the Philippines if the reforms were not granted by Spain?

Answer 4

Destined for progress and eventual independence

Question 5

What did Rizal acknowledge about Filipinos’ lack of initiative and work ethic?

Answer 5

Acknowledges Filipinos’ lack of initiative and work ethic

Question 6

What did Rizal blame for Filipinos’ “indolence” in his work?

Answer 6

Spanish misrule and backwardness

Question 7

According to Rizal, who is to blame for the state of the country?

Answer 7

Both Filipinos and the government

Question 8

What does Rizal emphasize as essential for reform in addition to political change?

Answer 8

Education and liberty

Question 9

What choice does Rizal present to Spain in his work?

Answer 9

Be a civilizing ruler or an honest exploiter

Question 10

How did Rizal’s views change regarding Filipinos’ readiness for independence?

Answer 10

Became less optimistic

Question 11

What aspect of reform did Rizal emphasize more in his shifting views?

Answer 11

Emphasized the need for internal reform (education, national sentiment)

Question 12

What was Rizal open to in terms of the country’s governance in his shifting views?

Answer 12

Openness to the possibility of continued Spanish rule with significant reforms

Question 13

What did Rizal initially advocate for between 1886 and 1890?

Answer 13

Liberal reforms based on Voltairean ideals

Question 14

What did Rizal come to doubt in his shifting views during this period?

Answer 14

Progress and the viability of a Filipino nation

Question 15

According to Rizal’s shifting views, what weakened as a foundation for nationhood?

Answer 15

Cultural identity

Question 16

What was Rizal disillusioned with regarding Filipino characteristics and actions?

Answer 16

Filipino “moral fiber” and capacity for collective action

Question 17

What criticism did Rizal level against Filipinos in “Como se gobiernan las Filipinas” (December 15, 1890)?

Answer 17

Filipinos criticized for lacking national sentiment and civic virtue

Question 18

According to Rizal’s critique in “Como se gobiernan las Filipinas,” what did he blame Filipinos for?

Answer 18

Blamed for their situation due to passivity and self-interest

Question 19

According to Rizal’s shifting conception of the nation, what was the transition in focus from?

Answer 19

From cultural (language, ethnicity) to ethical (citizenship, civic virtue)

Question 20

What qualities did Rizal emphasize as necessary for Filipinos for a successful national movement?

Answer 20

Citizenship and civic virtue

Question 21

What happened in Rizal’s relationship with Del Pilar in early 1891?

Answer 21

Tensions escalated between them

Question 22

What was likely involved in the election for leadership that led to Rizal’s feeling of manipulation and humiliation?

Answer 22

Likely involved manipulation and humiliation of Rizal

Question 23

Who did Rizal blame for the situation, leading him to sever ties in October 1891?

Answer 23

Rizal blamed Del Pilar