Individual Differences - Hardiness Evaluation Flashcards
What are the four areas of evaluation for hardiness?
Gender differences, importance of all 3 elements, neuroticism, issues with measuring hardiness
What is the evaluation point for issues with measuring hardiness?
As it relies on self-report measures , the answers are subject to social desirability bias
multiple studies all use different meassures to define hardiness , meaning that diffrences in findings may be due to different scales
What is caused by multiple studies using different measures for hardiness?
Low inter-rater reliability
What is the evaluation point of Neuroticism?
The claim that neuroticism is not taken into account when looking at data on low or high-hardiness individuals
What is Neuroticism?
The tendency to have a negative outlook on life , usually causes people to be easily upset and be over-reactive to a ‘threat’
Why is the evaluation point of Neuroticism not being accounted for significant?
As people who suffer from neuroticism are more likely to focus on the negatives , e.g if they are low in hardiness , they may not actually suffer fron more illness , they may just exaggerate it
What did Funk and Houston (1987) say about the questions used to measure hardiness?
That they overlap with the questions to measure Neuroticism
What is the evaluation for gender differences in Hardiness?
The orginal 1997 study was conducted on an all male sample , meaning that female hardy personalilty is based off of a study with all male participants
Who wrote about gender differences in hardy personalities?
Shepard (1991)
What did Shepard (1991) do?
They highlighted inconsistant findings considering gender. She claimed that control and commitment parts of a hardy personality only predict the outcome for men
Why is the evaluation of gender differences significant to hardy personalities?
As research suggests that claims about hardy personalities and hardy personalities in general may only apply to males as there is a gender bias in the original research
What is the evaluation point of all three elements of a hardy personality being important?
Research claims that all 3 parts (control, commitment and challenge) are important for buffering the effects of stress
What is the evaluation point of neuroticism and the overlap with testing hardiness?
The scale to measure both neuroticism and Hardiness overlap heavily - people with neuroticism are more likely to think they are Ill , so they may not actually be less hardy but more neurotic
What are the issues with measuring hardiness?
Measuring hardiness relys on self report techniques , which can easily be skewed by social desirability bias and the scale used to measure hardiness could be confusing to participants
