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Psychology C3- Stress > Explanations Of Stress > Flashcards

Explanations Of Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the ANS?

A

The autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

What are the two branches of the ANS?

A

The sympathetic branch and the Parasympathetic branch

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3
Q

What does the Sympathetic branch of the ANS do?

A

It activates internal organs in situations where we need energy and arousal (fight or flight)

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4
Q

What is the bodys reaction do the secretion of Adrenaline and noradrenaline in the fight or fight response?

A

Increased heart rate , reduced stomach activity , pupil dilation , relaxation of brocholi in lungs

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5
Q

What is the parasympathetic branch of the ANS for?

A

It is focused on conserving resources and getting the body back to its baseline

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6
Q

What does the parasympathetic branch of the ANS do when confronted with a long term stressor?

A

if a stressor becomes a long term stressor it will lower the sypathetic branches reaction to preserve us longer

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7
Q

Which pathway explains the bodys reaction to short-term stress?

A

The SAM pathway

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8
Q

What is the SAM pathway?

A

Stressor -> the stressor is identified by the hypothelmus -> sends a signal to to the adrenal medulla -> which releases adrenaline and noradrenaline -> triggering the fight or flight response

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9
Q

What does the SAM pathway explain?

A

The reaction to short-term stress

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10
Q

What is the fight or flight responses link to evolution?

A

It believed to have evolved as a way for us to deal with threats

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11
Q

What are the problems of the fight or flight response in modern society?

A

Modern society triggers the response without need of action , meaning many stay in a constant state of arousal

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12
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the heart?

A

Higher heart beat
Raised blood preasure
Artiries can become blocked to to dislodged plauque

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13
Q

What was Friedman and Rosemans (1959,1974) study researching?

A

The risk that Type A personality participants had of developing CHD compared to type B personality

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14
Q

What were the findings of Friedman and Rosemans (1959,1974) study?

A

Out of 3200 californian men who participated , 257 contracted CHD , with 70% of the CHD suffers being type A personality

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15
Q

What conclusions can be drawn from Friedman and Rosemans (1959,1974) studys results?

A

That high stress is linked to CHD

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16
Q

Explain why CHD may be a higher risk in stressed patients?

A

The acute stress response slows digestion , meaning higher cholesterol , meaning higher risk of CHD

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17
Q

What is the acute stress response typicaly reffered to as?

A

The fight or flight response

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18
Q

What did Dimsdale (2008) highlight about stress being a causal factor in developing illness?

A

He suggested that a stressed indivdual may expose themseleves to pathogens through habbits (e.g. smoking and drinking) , therfore its the habbits that cause illness , not stress

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19
Q

What is the criticism of ill participants recording their level of stress

A

That a higher level of stress may be recorded by ill people as they are stressed due to illness , not vice versa

20
Q

What effect does adrenaline and noradrenaline have on the body if we perceive a stressor as a threat according to Blascovich and Tomaka (1996)?

A

Rapid heartbeat
Increased blood pressure
Possibility to exacerbate heart issues due to overworked heart

21
Q

Which pathway explains chronic stress?

A

HPA

22
Q

Explain the HPA pathway

A

Hypothalamus identifys a stressor as chronic issue -> the anterior pituitary gland -> releases ACTH -> activates the adrenal cortext -> releases cortisol into the bloodstream

It makes the liver creates a steady supply of glucose for the body

23
Q

What is a negative of HPA for the body?

A

It suppresses the immune system

24
Q

What are the positives of HPA?

A

Cortisol helps us maintain a steady supply of glucose

Cortisol triggers the para-sympathetic branch of the ANS and turns down our initial acute stress reaction and helps us stabilise our body

25
Q

What are the negatives of HPA?

A

Cortisol slows wound healing

It suppresses the immune system

Cortisol can impair memory

26
Q

What group of hormones does cortisol belong to?

A

Glucocorticoids

27
Q

What physical ailments did Curtis (2000) link to chronic stress?

A

Headaches
Flu
CHD
Gastric ulcers

28
Q

What does the individual difference of personality claim about stress?

A

That certain personality types will respond to stress differently

29
Q

What are the two bilogical explinations of stress?

A

SAM pathway
HPA pathway

30
Q

What are the four types of personality?

A

Type A , Type B , Type C and Type X

31
Q

What are some key characteristics of a type A personality?

A

Competitiveness
Impatience with others
Anger often directed inwards
Self critical

32
Q

How does Type A personality respond to stress?

A

They are likely to suffer from stress

33
Q

What are some characteristics of a type B personality?

A

Relaxed
Creative
Lacking urgency
Calm

34
Q

How do type B personalities suffer from stress?

A

They are less likely to suffer from stress

35
Q

What were the procedures of Friedman and Rosemans (1974) study?

A

3200 Californian men were involved .They used Structured interviews . Longitudinal study was preformed over a period of 8.5 years

36
Q

What were the findings of Friedman and Rosemans (1974) research?

A

257 of the 3200 men who participated contracted CHD

They found that 70% of the 257 CHD cases were Type A personalities

37
Q

Whose research built on Friedman and Rosemans (1974) research into personalitiy types?

A

Mathews et al (1986)

38
Q

What did Mathews et al. (1986) find about the importance of personality characteristics?

A

Expanding Friedman and Rosemans (1974) research , he claimed that out of the 3 areas which were measured , hostility was the most important when linking to CHD

39
Q

What did Mathews et al (1986) find about type A personality individuals who repress anger?

A

They are more likely to contract CHD than those who vent their anger

40
Q

Why is having a hardy personality significant to how an individual reacts to stress?

A

People who are hardy survive stressful situations without suffering the negative consequences (such as high levels of cortisol)

41
Q

What 3 factors of a hardy personality did Kobasa and Maddi (1997) outline in their orginal research?

A

Control
Commitment
Challenge

42
Q

What did Kobasa believe about hardy peoples stress response?

A

She belived that hardy people had less of a stress response , meaning that they suffered less from the physical and psychological effects of stress such as high levels of cortisol. Meaning that they suffered from less stress related illnesses

43
Q

What research supports the theory of Hardy personalities?

A

Kobasa (1974)

44
Q

What did Kobasa (1974) find about between his two groups of participants?

A

He found that C1- individuals who suffered with high stress for 3 years and didnt suffer from illness , had a higher amount of hardy personalities than C2 - stressed who were ill

45
Q

What does SAM stand for?

A

Sympathetic adrenal medullary system

46
Q

What does HPA stand for?

A

Hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenocortical axis

Psychology C3- Stress (11 decks)

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