Individual Differences

Question 1

What is Individual differences concerned with?

Answer 1

The ways in which people differ in conflictive abilities, motivation, and personality

Question 2

Idiographic approach

Answer 2

Included psychodynamic, humanistic and cognitive behavioural approaches to personality

Question 3

Nomothetic approach

Answer 3

The trait approach to personality and it allows psychologists to quantify and predict behaviour

Question 4

Traits

Answer 4

Consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings or actions that distinguish people from one another

Question 5

Issue with traits- casual primacy

Answer 5

Traits determine behaviour has been questioned

Question 6

Issue with traits- inner locus

Answer 6

Traits reflect a fundamental inner core that is largely genetically determined has been challenged

Question 7

2 approaches to determine the fundamental dimensions of personality

Answer 7

The lexical tradition

The multivariate approach

Question 8

Lexical tradition

Answer 8

Using words to describe personality based attributes

Question 9

Lexical hypothesis

Answer 9

All aspects of human personality which are or have been of importance, interest or utility have already become recorded in the substance of language

Question 10

Lexical tradition factor 1

Answer 10

Introversion v extroversion ( silent, unassertive, unadventurous, unenergetic, Timid)

Question 11

Lexical tradition factor 2

Answer 11

Antogonism c agreeableness (unkind, selfish and stingy )

Question 12

Lexical tradition factor 3

Answer 12

Lack of direction c conscientiousness ( disorganised, irresponsible, lazy and careless

Question 13

Lexical tradition factor 4

Answer 13

Emotional stability c neuroticism (relaxed stable content unemotional )

Question 14

Multivariate approach

Answer 14

Concerned with development of multivariate models of personality structure.

Question 15

Francis Galton

Answer 15

Developed measures of intelligence which were based on sensory discrimination tasks and their measurement

Question 16

Alfred Binet (1905)

Answer 16

Developed a test that was based on a variety on tasks, not ostensibly linked with formal training

Question 17

Spearman (1863-1945)

Answer 17

Proposed that positive manifold of cognitive ability tests could be accounted for by two second order factors

Question 18

Thrustone 1887-1955

Answer 18

Employed a different factor on analytic technique to spearman- argued that there were 7

Question 19

Horn and Cattell 1966

Answer 19

Suggested that two factor (gf fluid intelligence and GC crystallised intelligence) accounted for most of the variability in intelligence scores

Question 20

John Carroll 1993

Answer 20

Intelligence is hierarchical involving 3 levels of strata, correspond to narrow, broad, and general cognitive ability