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AP Psych > Individual Differences > Flashcards

Individual Differences Flashcards

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1
Q

Intelligence test

A

A method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

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2
Q

General intelligence

A

A general intelligence factor that, according to spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

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3
Q

Factor analysis

A

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score

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4
Q

Savant syndrome

A

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as drawing

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5
Q

Grit

A

Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals

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6
Q

Intelligence

A

Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

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7
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

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8
Q

Mental age

A

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. A child who does as well as the average 8 year old has the mental age of an 8 year old

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9
Q

Stanford-Binet

A

The widely used American revision (by Terman) of Binet’s original intelligence test

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10
Q

Intelligence quotient

A

Defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100

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11
Q

Achievement test

A

A test designed to assess what a person had learned

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12
Q

Aptitude test

A

A test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

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13
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

A

Most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests

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14
Q

Standardization

A

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pre tested group

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15
Q

Normal curve

A

The symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.

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16
Q

Reliability

A

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

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17
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

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18
Q

Content validity

A

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

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19
Q

Predictive validity

A

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; computes correlation

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20
Q

Cohort

A

A group of people from a given time period

21
Q

Mental age

A

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. A child who does as well as the average 8 year old has the mental age of an 8 year old

22
Q

Stanford-Binet

A

The widely used American revision (by Terman) of Binet’s original intelligence test

23
Q

Intelligence quotient

A

Defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100

24
Q

Achievement test

A

A test designed to assess what a person had learned

25
Q

Aptitude test

A

A test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

26
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

A

Most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests

27
Q

Standardization

A

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pre tested group

28
Q

Normal curve

A

The symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.

29
Q

Reliability

A

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

30
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

31
Q

Content validity

A

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

32
Q

Predictive validity

A

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; computes correlation

33
Q

Cohort

A

A group of people from a given time period

34
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

35
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

36
Q

Intellectual disability

A

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life

37
Q

Down syndrome

A

A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

38
Q

Heritability

A

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied

39
Q

Stereotype threat

A

A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

40
Q

Charles Spearman

A

Helped develop factor analysis and believed people often have special abilities that stand out

41
Q

L.L. Thurstone

A

Gave 56 different tests to people and mathematically identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities

42
Q

Howard Gardner

A

Views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in different packages.

43
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

Agrees that there is more to success than traditional intelligence and agrees with Gardner’s idea of multiple intelligences -theory of three intelligences

44
Q

Francis Galton

A

English scientist with a fascination with measuring human traits

45
Q

Alfred Binet

A

Played role in predicting school achievement

46
Q

Louis Terman

A

Intelligence tests revealed the intelligence with which a person was born

47
Q

David Wechsler

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

48
Q

Carol Dweck

A

Reports that believing intelligence is biologically set and unchanging can lead to a fixed mindset

AP Psych (8 decks)

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