Cognition Note Cards Flashcards

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1
Q

Encoding

A

The processing of information into the memory system

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2
Q

Storage

A

The process of retaining encoded information over time

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3
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of getting information out of memory storage

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4
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions

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5
Q

Sensory memory

A

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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6
Q

Short-term memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

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7
Q

Long-term memory

A

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

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8
Q

Working memory

A

A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory

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9
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

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10
Q

Effortful processing

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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11
Q

Automatic processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

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12
Q

Implicit memory

A

Retention independent of conscious recollection

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13
Q

Iconic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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14
Q

Echoic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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15
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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16
Q

Mnemonic

A

Memory aids; especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

17
Q

Spacing effect

A

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

18
Q

Testing effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

19
Q

Shallow processing

A

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

20
Q

Deep processing

A

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

21
Q

Hippocampus

A

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

22
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

23
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

24
Q

Recall

A

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test

25
Q

Recognition

A

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

26
Q

Relearning

A

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

27
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory

28
Q

Memory

A

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

29
Q

Mood congruent memory

A

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

30
Q

Serial position effect

A

Our tendency to recall best the last and first terms in a list

31
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

An inability to form new memories

32
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

An inability to retrieve information from one’s past

33
Q

Proactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

34
Q

Retroactive interference

A

The disruptive effect on new learning on the recall of old information

35
Q

Repression

A

The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

36
Q

Misinformation

A

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

37
Q

Source amnesia

A

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined, the heart of many false memories

38
Q

Deja vu

A

The eerie sense that I’ve experienced this before