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AP Psych > Developmental Psych > Flashcards

Developmental Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Zygote

A

The fertilized egg

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2
Q

Embryo

A

The developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month

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3
Q

Fetus

A

Developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth

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4
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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5
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman heavy drinking

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6
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

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7
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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8
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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9
Q

Schema

A

Concept of framework that organizes and interprets information

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10
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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11
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting our current understandings to incorporate new info

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12
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

The stage from birth to two years of age during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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13
Q

Object permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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14
Q

Preoperational stage

A

The stage from 2-6 or 7 years during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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15
Q

Conservation

A

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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16
Q

Egocentrism

A

The preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

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17
Q

Theory of mind

A

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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18
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

Appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

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19
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

From 7-11 years old during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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20
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Beginning at age 12 in which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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21
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by 8 months of age

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22
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie with another person, shown in young children

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23
Q

Critical period

A

Optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

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24
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early life critical period

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25
Q

Temperament

A

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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26
Q

Basic trust

A

A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

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27
Q

Self concept

A

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, “who am I?”

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28
Q

Gender

A

The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines males and females

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29
Q

Aggression

A

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

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30
Q

Gender role

A

A set of expected behaviors for males or females

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31
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations about a social position

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32
Q

Gender identity

A

Our sense of being male or female

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33
Q

Social learning theory

A

We learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

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34
Q

Gender typing

A

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

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35
Q

Transgender

A

Describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

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36
Q

Adolescence

A

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

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37
Q

Identity

A

Our sense of self according to Erikson

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38
Q

Social identity

A

The “we” aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to “who am I?” That comes from our group memberships

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39
Q

Intimacy

A

The ability to form close, loving relationships

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40
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

A period from the late teens to mid twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence

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41
Q

X chromosome

A

Sex chromosome found in both men and women

42
Q

Y chromosome

A

Sex chromosome only in males

43
Q

Testosterone

A

Most important of the male sex hormones

44
Q

Puberty

A

The period of sexual maturation, person becomes capable of reproducing

45
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

46
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Nonreproductive sexual traits

47
Q

Menarche

A

The first menstrual period

48
Q

AIDS

A

Sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus

49
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Enduring sexual attraction between members of either one’s own sex or of opposite sex

50
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Branch of psych that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

51
Q

Menopause

A

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

52
Q

Cross sectional study

A

People of different ages are compared with one another

53
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

54
Q

Social clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

55
Q

Concept

A

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

56
Q

Prototype

A

A mental image or best example of a category

57
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

58
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

59
Q

Divergent thinking

A

Expands the number of possible problem solutions

60
Q

Algorithm

A

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

61
Q

Heuristic

A

Simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

62
Q

Insight

A

A sudden realization of a problems solution

63
Q

Confirmation bias

A

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

64
Q

Mental set

A

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

65
Q

Intuition

A

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

66
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes, may lead us to ignore other relevant information

67
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

68
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

69
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

70
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is posed

71
Q

Language

A

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

72
Q

Phoneme

A

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

73
Q

Morpheme

A

The smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or part of a word

74
Q

Grammar

A

A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

75
Q

Babbling stage

A

The beginning at about four months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated tithe household language

76
Q

One-word stage

A

Stage is speech development where a child speaks single words

77
Q

Two-word stage

A

A child speaks mostly in two-word statements

78
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, mostly nouns and verbs

79
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairment of language, left hemisphere damage

80
Q

Broca’s area

A

Control’s language expression, area of the frontal lobe, direct muscle movements involved in speech

81
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression

82
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

83
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

Conducted experiment to study insight in other animals with chimpanzee

84
Q

Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman

A

Cognitive psychologist did research on the representativeness and availability heuristics

85
Q

Daniel Kahneman

A

363

86
Q

Steven Pinker

A

Studied how people speak and the air pressure waves we give off

87
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Argued that all languages share some basic elements, “universal grammar”

88
Q

Carl Wernjcke

A

Discovered that after damage to an area of the left temporal lobe people could speak only meaningless words

89
Q

Benjamin Lee Whorf

A

Contended that language determines the way we think, language itself shapes a person’s basic ideas

90
Q

Paul Broca

A

After Damage to an area of the left frontal lobe a person would struggle to speak words while still being able up song familiar songs and comprehend speech

91
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Studies led him to believe that a child’s mind develops through a series of stages

92
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Emphasized how the child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment

93
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

Explored rigid attachment process called imprinting

94
Q

Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow

A

University of Wisconsin psychologists who bred monkeys for their studies

95
Q

Margaret Harlow

A

489

96
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Designed the strange situation experiment

97
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

Researched now children were based on their parents

98
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Researched that females differed from males

99
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Conducted many experiences on conditioning and did lectures on the “psychology of chance encounters and life paths”

100
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Proposed that moral reasoning guides moral actions

101
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution

AP Psych (8 decks)

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