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Developmental Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Zygote

A

The fertilized egg

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2
Q

Embryo

A

The developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month

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3
Q

Fetus

A

Developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth

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4
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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5
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman heavy drinking

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6
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

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7
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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8
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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9
Q

Schema

A

Concept of framework that organizes and interprets information

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10
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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11
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting our current understandings to incorporate new info

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12
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

The stage from birth to two years of age during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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13
Q

Object permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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14
Q

Preoperational stage

A

The stage from 2-6 or 7 years during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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15
Q

Conservation

A

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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16
Q

Egocentrism

A

The preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

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17
Q

Theory of mind

A

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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18
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

Appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

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19
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

From 7-11 years old during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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20
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Beginning at age 12 in which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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21
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by 8 months of age

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22
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie with another person, shown in young children

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23
Q

Critical period

A

Optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

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24
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early life critical period

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25
Temperament
A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
26
Basic trust
A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
27
Self concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "who am I?"
28
Gender
The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines males and females
29
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
30
Gender role
A set of expected behaviors for males or females
31
Role
A set of expectations about a social position
32
Gender identity
Our sense of being male or female
33
Social learning theory
We learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
34
Gender typing
The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
35
Transgender
Describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
36
Adolescence
The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
37
Identity
Our sense of self according to Erikson
38
Social identity
The "we" aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" That comes from our group memberships
39
Intimacy
The ability to form close, loving relationships
40
Emerging adulthood
A period from the late teens to mid twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence
41
X chromosome
Sex chromosome found in both men and women
42
Y chromosome
Sex chromosome only in males
43
Testosterone
Most important of the male sex hormones
44
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation, person becomes capable of reproducing
45
Primary sex characteristics
The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
46
Secondary sex characteristics
Nonreproductive sexual traits
47
Menarche
The first menstrual period
48
AIDS
Sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
49
Sexual orientation
Enduring sexual attraction between members of either one's own sex or of opposite sex
50
Developmental psychology
Branch of psych that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
51
Menopause
The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
52
Cross sectional study
People of different ages are compared with one another
53
Longitudinal study
Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
54
Social clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
55
Concept
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
56
Prototype
A mental image or best example of a category
57
Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
58
Convergent thinking
Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
59
Divergent thinking
Expands the number of possible problem solutions
60
Algorithm
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
61
Heuristic
Simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
62
Insight
A sudden realization of a problems solution
63
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
64
Mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
65
Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
66
Representativeness heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes, may lead us to ignore other relevant information
67
Availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
68
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
69
Belief perseverance
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
70
Framing
The way an issue is posed
71
Language
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
72
Phoneme
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
73
Morpheme
The smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or part of a word
74
Grammar
A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
75
Babbling stage
The beginning at about four months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated tithe household language
76
One-word stage
Stage is speech development where a child speaks single words
77
Two-word stage
A child speaks mostly in two-word statements
78
Telegraphic speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, mostly nouns and verbs
79
Aphasia
Impairment of language, left hemisphere damage
80
Broca's area
Control's language expression, area of the frontal lobe, direct muscle movements involved in speech
81
Wernicke's area
Controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression
82
Linguistic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
83
Wolfgang Kohler
Conducted experiment to study insight in other animals with chimpanzee
84
Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman
Cognitive psychologist did research on the representativeness and availability heuristics
85
Daniel Kahneman
363
86
Steven Pinker
Studied how people speak and the air pressure waves we give off
87
Noam Chomsky
Argued that all languages share some basic elements, "universal grammar"
88
Carl Wernjcke
Discovered that after damage to an area of the left temporal lobe people could speak only meaningless words
89
Benjamin Lee Whorf
Contended that language determines the way we think, language itself shapes a person's basic ideas
90
Paul Broca
After Damage to an area of the left frontal lobe a person would struggle to speak words while still being able up song familiar songs and comprehend speech
91
Jean Piaget
Studies led him to believe that a child's mind develops through a series of stages
92
Lev Vygotsky
Emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the social environment
93
Konrad Lorenz
Explored rigid attachment process called imprinting
94
Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow
University of Wisconsin psychologists who bred monkeys for their studies
95
Margaret Harlow
489
96
Mary Ainsworth
Designed the strange situation experiment
97
Diana Baumrind
Researched now children were based on their parents
98
Carol Gilligan
Researched that females differed from males
99
Albert Bandura
Conducted many experiences on conditioning and did lectures on the "psychology of chance encounters and life paths"
100
Lawrence Kohlberg
Proposed that moral reasoning guides moral actions
101
Erik Erikson
Contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution

AP Psych (8 decks)

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