Indigenous

Question 1

Where abouts did Captain James Cook arrive in Australia?

Answer 1

In Botany Bay, New South Wales

Question 2

What did Captain James Cook name the country?

Answer 2

New South Wales

Question 3

Who did Captain James Cook claim the country for?

Answer 3

For the English king, George III

Question 4

What did Captain James Cook’s journal of his first expedition say about when he first came? What did he think of the Natives?

Answer 4

He thought they were going to be the most unhappiest people, but in reality he said they were far happier than the Europeans. They also didn’t put any value on the items the Europeans gave them, they were happy and content with what they already had.

Question 5

How many convicts and marines did the First Fleet to Australia carry?

Answer 5

759 Convicts and 206 marines

Question 6

Who was the commander?

Answer 6

Captain Arthur Phillips

Question 7

Who was the first British governor of New South Wales?

Answer 7

Captain Arthur Phillips

Question 8

The first settlement. Who? What? Where? When? Why?

Answer 8

Arthur Phillips explored Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) and founded the first British settlement (agreement) there on the 26th of January, 1788. They came for penal settlement

Question 9

What was New South Wales founded as?

Answer 9

A penal colony, a dumping ground for British convicts

Question 10

What kind of relationship did Britain (at first) order the governors to have with the natives?

Answer 10

A friendly relationship and to offer them the protection of the British Law

Question 11

The memo ‘Respecting Natives’. Explain.

Answer 11

In 1807, the third governor of New South Wales, P.G King, wrote a memo for his successor titled ‘Respecting Natives’. In this advice he stated that he had been unwilling to force the natives to work because he regarded them as the real owners of the soil.

Question 12

Why was Australia’s land declared Terra Nullius?

Answer 12

Because of the kinds of animals and plants growing in Australia, semi-nomadic hunting and gathering was the only kind of economy that could develop. The British only saw land that wasn’t farmed and so they saw it as unused and terra Nullius.

Question 13

What did the settlers use the land they took for and what did it involve?

Answer 13

The settlers took the land and produced food by farming and powerful people soon discovered the wealth that could be produced by grazing sheep for wool. All of this involved the taking of land form the Aboriginals.

Question 14

What did the Natives think of how the settlers were clearing land, fencing waterholes and hunting grounds, fishing without permission and trampling around sacred sites?

Answer 14

The Natives saw that they were breaking the laws that the Indigenous had loved by. They saw that they were clearly invaders and not visitors.

Question 15

What did educated Europeans think of the Indigenous people?

Answer 15

They saw them a undeveloped, noble savages, who lived in harmony with the natural world.

Question 16

How did the new arrivals and uneducated convicts feel towards the Indigenous?

Answer 16

They feared the Indigenous

Question 17

When the Europeans gained some knowledge on how the Indigenous could not just simply move on to another area when their land was taken, what did they do?

Answer 17

They continued taking their land regardless.

Question 18

Arthur Phillip wanted to develop contacts between cultures. When Aboriginal people continued to avoid the settlement, what did he do?

Answer 18

He resorted to kidnapping Aborigines in the hope that these individuals could be influenced to encourage their people to accept British ways.

Question 19

Who was the first Native to be kidnapped and what happened to him?

Answer 19

Arabanoo was the first to be kidnapped. He died less than six months later of smallpox.

Question 20

What year did smallpox begin to kill many Aboriginal people?

Answer 20

1789

Question 21

Why was the smallpox killing so many Aboriginals?

Answer 21

The Europeans brought the disease river with them (either willingly or unwillingly) and the natives hadn’t been exposed to it before so they weren’t immune to it nor were their immune systems strong enough to fight it off.

Question 22

What reaction did the Aboriginals have to the smallpox?

Answer 22

They retreated inland but instead carried the disease with them and spread it. By 1790 half of the Indigenous population of the Sydney area was wiped out by the epidemic.

Question 23

Who were the next Natives to be captured? When?

Answer 23

Bennelong and Colebee were captured next in November 1789

Question 24

What happened to Bennelong and Colebee?

Answer 24

Colebee escaped but Bennelong was later sent to England

Question 25

Bennelong returns to Australia? What? When?

Answer 25

In 1795 Bennelong was brought back to Australia but he was unable to fit into either Aboriginal or European society. He died in 1813.

Question 26

Why were tensions rising between the two cultures?

Answer 26

In the first few decades, Aboriginal people were shot at when they crossed European farmland to hunt and gather food. But these farmed had been established by taking Aboriginal land.

Question 27

Describe the attitudes between of colonial authorities towards Aboriginal people

Answer 27

They saw them as a nuisance and there were many occasions of unfair killings which went unquestioned and unpunished.

Question 28

Who was Pemulwuy?

Answer 28

Pemulwuy was an aboriginal warrior who developed a supernatural reputation amongst his people for being a brave, independant, active and daring warrior who fought for his people and led attacks against the settlers

Question 29

What was Governor King’s reaction to Pemulwuy?

Answer 29

He became increasingly frustrated with Pemulwuy and offered rewards, including free pardon, to any convict who would bring him his head.

Question 30

What happened to Pemulwuy in 1802?

Answer 30

Pemulwuy was decapitated and his head was send to England to be studied by scientists.

Question 31

How did Governor King feel about the death of Pemulwuy?

Answer 31

He was glad he was dead but he had a grudging respect for him. He said of him to be a ‘terrible pest to the colony but he was a brave and independent character and an active, daring leader of his people’

Question 32

Who was Yagan?

Answer 32

Yagan was part of a south-western Australian tribe. He was a tall man who was both feared and admired by the British colonists.

Question 33

How was the relationship between Yagan and his tribe with the settlers who had established a colony near him?

Answer 33

At first, they lived in harmony but soon arguments arose over land and resources.

Question 34

What happened with Yagan and the settlers for there to be a reward offered for his head?

Answer 34

A native who was part of Yagan’s tribe was burning land as an act of tradition but a settler saw it as an act of aggression. Soon later another Native from the tribe was taking potatoes from a settlers garden, the settler saw it a theft. The native would have seen it as taking the lands resources which he was entitled to. The Natuves were killed for doing such things and Yagan wanted revenge, so he started many battles.

Question 35

What year did Captain James Cook come to Australia?

Answer 35

1770

Question 36

What happened when Yagan was captured?

Answer 36

A European named Robert Lyon fought hard to spare his life. He admired Yagan’s courage and wished to study him. Yagan was exiled to a small rocky island, but escaped six weeks later.

Question 37

What happened after Yagan escaped?

Answer 37

The colonists were angry about it and killed his father and brother and increased the reward on his head

Question 38

How was Yagan killed in the end?

Answer 38

In July 1833 Yagan approached two shepherds he knew and asked for flour. When his back was turned, one of them , William Keats, shot him. A reward was given and his head was sent to England. The Perth paper saw it as a wild and treacherous act of the way he was killed.

Question 39

What happened to Yagan’s head?

Answer 39

His hair was combed back and cockatoo feathers were tied to his head. It was exhibited until 1964 When it Washington buried in Everton Cemetery. In 1997, nearly 165 years after being sent to England, was sent back to Australia for a proper burial

Question 40

What were the main ways the Aboriginals died?

Answer 40

Smallpox, being shot and poisoned

Question 41

How many Aboriginals and European’s died?

Answer 41

20,000 Aboriginals and 2,000 Europeans

Question 42

Why was the land declared terra Nullius?

Answer 42

Because there were no establishments or dwellings

Question 43

Why did conflict occur?

Answer 43

• Settlers cut down trees, cleared land, native animals shot as pests, reduced food supply.
• Lack of understanding of culture and couldn’t communicate
• Conflict over animals
• No understanding in Kinship system
• couldn’t use land for hunting
• Aboriginal women were also assaulted

Question 44

What were some examples of conflict?

Answer 44

• Yagan led resistance and movement, as did Pemulwuy
• Myall creek Massacre
• Seven found guilty for hanging an aboriginal boy

Question 45

Examples of friendship

Answer 45

• Pemulwuy and Arthur called each other father and son

- William Barak and Anne Bon friendship and love

Question 46

What was the aim of the Europeans when it changed from trying to make a friendly relationship?

Answer 46

They wanted them to live under British laws and to become civilised and work in European ways