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Indications / Optimization For Breast Flashcards

1
Q

What are indications for a female breast U/S? (7)

A
  1. Mass characterization (eg. solid vs cystic)
  2. Evaluation of clinical symptom (eg. new lump)
  3. Provide more info following a mammo
  4. Evaluation of patients with inflammatory symptoms (eg. mastitis)
  5. Guidance of invasive or interventional procedures
  6. Diagnosing rupture of breast implants
  7. Treatment planning for radiation therapy
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2
Q

What are indications for a male breast U/S? (5)

A
  1. Breast asymmetry of enlargement
  2. Palpable masses
  3. Breast pain or tenderness
  4. Nipple discharge
  5. Prev history of breast cancer
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3
Q

What is the first component of spatial resolution?

A

Axial resolution

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4
Q

Axial resolution

A

Minimum distance separating tow different reflectors along the longitudinal axis of sound travel, so they separate echoes are produced on the display

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5
Q

What is the formula for axial resolution?

A

AR = SPL/2

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6
Q

What does a shorter spatial pulse length mean for axial resolution?

A

Better axial resolution
- directly proportional

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7
Q

What happens to axial resolution if you increase frequency? *

A

Improves axial resolution

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8
Q

What happens to axial resolution if you increase depth penetration? *

A

Decreases axial resolution

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9
Q

Transducers in what range can resolve structures of what size?

A
  1. 10-13.5MHz
  2. 0.2mm
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10
Q

What is the second component of spatial resolution?

A

Lateral resolution

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11
Q

Lateral resolution

A

Minimum distance separating two different reflectors lying in a plane that is perpendicular to the direction of sound travel, so they separates echoes are produced on the display

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12
Q

What is lateral resolution indirectly proportional to? *

A

Beam diameter

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13
Q

What does a shorter pulse length mean for lateral resolution?

A

Better lateral resolution

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14
Q

How do you improve lateral resolution? (2)

A
  1. Making the beam more narrow
  2. Increasing the frequency
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15
Q

What does more transmit zones means for lateral resolution?

A

Better lateral resolution

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16
Q

What happens when you increase in focal zones?

A

Decrease in frame rate
- makes it more laggy

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17
Q

What does better contrast mean for lateral and axial resolution?

A

Better for both

18
Q

What does a smaller value for lateral resolution mean?

A

Better resolution

19
Q

What does improving lateral resolution reduce? *

A

Artifactual volume averaging in our images

20
Q

Where does the best lateral resolution take place? Why?

A

Focal zone
- because this is where the beam is narrowest

21
Q

Volume averaging

A

An imaging artifact that results in the filling in of cystic structures due to a lack of a finite beam width
- artifactual echoes within a cyst when scanning

22
Q

What is contrast resolution?

A

Is the ability to assign a different shade of grey to returning echoes of varying amplitudes

23
Q

What does contrast resolution improve with? (2) *

A
  1. Increasing transducer frequency
  2. Increasing bandwidth (broader)
24
Q

What does an increase in contrast resolution help? (2)

A
  1. Axial resolution
  2. Lateral resolution
25
What is dynamic aperture?
Utilizes different numbers of transducer elements to maintain the beam width at different tissue depths
26
What does more focal zones do to the frame rate?
Decrease it
27
What is dynamic range?
Is a measure of the range of signal magnitudes that are generated by or that can be handled by the component of the system under study
28
What can compensate for a wide range of returned echoes?
TGC - selectively amplifying
29
What are 4 benefits to breast cancer screening?
1. Earlier breast cancer detection 2. Reduced breast cancer related deaths 3. Less invasive treatment options 4. Reduced morbidity
30
What are 7 potential harms of breast cancer screening?
1. Over diagnosis 2. False positive results 3. False negative results 4. Need for additional tests 5. Pain 6. Radiation exposure 7. Psychological harm
31
What is slice thickness also called?
Elevation plane
32
Slice thickness
Describes the thickness of the section of tissue that contributes to the echoes visualized on the image display
33
What direction does slice thickness works in?
Perpendicular to the imaging plane
34
What is slice thickness equal to?
Largest width of the transducer
35
What is the worse measure of image resolution?
Slice thickness
36
What cant happen with slice thickness?
Electronic focusing
37
What does 1.5D linear arrays permit?
Dynamic electronic focusing in the elevational or slice thickness plane
38
What does slice thickness improve dramatically in the near field?
Lateral resolution
39
What does the system gain settings determine?
The amount of amplification of an echo receives prior to reaching our TV monitor
40
What do TGC's allow?
Non-uniform amplification

Breast (25 decks)

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