Independant Africa

Question 1

Colonialsm

Answer 1

As system of direct political, economic and cultural intervention by a powerful country in a less powerful or weak country

Question 2

Imperialism

Answer 2

Building of empires

Question 3

Economic imperialism

Answer 3

Imperialism enabled European powers to gain control of raw materials and markets. Capitalism in Europe led to production of surplus capital which couldn’t be used profitably in Europe :. They had to look for places outside of Europe to invest profits

Question 4

Political imperialism

Answer 4

Nationalism was a driving force in colonisation. They were proud of their achievements and seized the opportunity to take over weaker countries.

Question 5

Strategic Imperialism

Answer 5

Europe powers invaded and partitioned Africa to protect their military and trade secrets

Question 6

Humanitarian factors

Answer 6

To bring civilisation to Africa: traders, philanthropists, explorers, missionaries

Question 7

Effects of colonialism on Africa:

Answer 7

1. Political Changes
2. Economic Changes
3. Social Changes

Question 8

Effects of Colonialism: Political Changes

Answer 8

Geneal: Powers massively reorganised African colonies, had no long term plans, demanded alot and gave little (respect) back

1. Colonies were ruled directly or indirectly to which= massively changes their traditional African political structure, did not give Africans right to participate in gov, diff to unite and org res as pol groups sep

Question 9

Indirect rule

Answer 9

Eg. British
1. Appointed chiefs and government agents who were intermediaries between ppl and European gov, ordered ppl around and collected taxes
= Abuse of power

“Pro”: Made use of existing institutions
Fail: Fail to absorb African ppl in gov= didnt experience democratic rule

Question 10

Direct rule

Answer 10

French, Belgian, Portuguese
1. All admin for European officials
2. Policy of Assimilation (French+Portuguese): Colonies should develop like mother country ie Africans should achieve a certain level of education and economy to be able to vote

Question 11

Effects of colonisation: Economic changes

Answer 11

Motive: get raw materials for industries (cotton, cocoa, rubber, palm oil

1. African subsistance farming industry was replaced by comm: cash crops = upon failure or low prices farmers starved
2. Fertile land was expropriated and given to white settlers =white settlers become economically powerful while Africans become poor
3. Tax systems: set up to force African farmers to grow cash crops or do migrant labour. = social segregation in urban areas which frustrated african elite.
4. Secodnary industries undeveloped in Europe: exports to Africa (cloth, household goods, agricultral equipment and machinery)
5. Transport systems: facilitate shipment of raw materials to the ports for export. Roads and railway werent built as internal trade did not benefit colonials

= Economy of African colonies depended on colonists = did not develop industries and :. Dependent

Question 12

Protests in congo, belgium decides to grant independence

Answer 12

1959

Question 13

Independence of Congo; Lumumba becomes the first prime minister

Answer 13

1960

Question 14

Death of Lumumba; start of liberation struggle in Angola

Answer 14

1961

Question 15

Independence of Tanganyika

Answer 15

1962

Question 16

Mobutu seizes power in military coup in Congo

Answer 16

1963

Question 17

Tanganyika and Zanzibar unite to form Tanzania

Answer 17

1964

Question 18

Arusha declaration introduce African socialism in Tanzania

Answer 18

1967

Question 19

Start of Civil War in Angola

Answer 19

1974

Question 20

South African invasion of Angola

Answer 20

October 1975

Question 21

Independence of Angola

Answer 21

November 1975

Question 22

Start of battle of Cuito Cuanavale

Answer 22

November 1987

Question 23

End of battle of Cuito Canavale

Answer 23

March 1988

Question 24

Angola Namibia peace accord; with drawl of South Africa and Cuban troops

Answer 24

1989

Question 25

Independence of Namibia

Answer 25

1990

Question 26

What were the difficulties facing new states of African independence

Answer 26

Africans economies were not good at the time of independence as colonial powers did nothing to develop economic self-sufficiency=
colonial economies were geared towards exporting and process minerals and cash crops for cheap and imports expensive manufactured goods

therefore there were a few secondary industries so hence the new states had to urgently promote industrialisation.

Question 27

Explain the ideology of African socialism

Answer 27

African socialism is an ideology in which principles of socialism are rooted in traditional African societies. This means that the African social system is rooted in historical precolonial African society structures and includes various activities: communal land ownership, collective decision-making and class the structure of village communities.

This ideology was appropriate for some leaders as the rich and poor would be secure in the economy. The wealth of the nation was to be possessed by the community.

Question 28

How can we see socialist state views in sources and posters

Answer 28

The posters include a flag which celebrates national unity. It includes many people which celebrates the role of ordinary workers. The workers would also be carrying weapons which celebrate the overthrowing of colonialism and they would be holding tools which represents building the country for themselves.

Question 29

What policies were implemented under the label of African socialism

Answer 29

Ujamma under Nyarere in Tanzania is a good example. It was based around the collectivisation of agriculture and promoted economic self-reliance.

Question 30

Democracy versus one-party states

Answer 30

The pattern is that there was a lack of democracy in African colonies before independence. Although it might be expected that they would now run as multinational multi-party democracy is there a would most likely turn to a more authoritarian systems.

The President of Botswana explains that democracy like a plant needs to be taken care of and nurse and does not grow not develop on its own. Similarly there is an ever present danger that having enjoyed freedom and peace for so long, we could easily become complacent and apathetic and think that our democratic institutions can perpetuate themselves.

All the mini great heroes who are charismatic lead countries to freedom they established regimes which lacked democratic practices.

For one party state leaders preferred this structure of state as it was more efficient and rooted in African traditional systems. Historians believe the answer lies in the legacy of colonial rule as there was no tradition of democratic role hence they slip for themselves that authoritative authority was sufficient.

Traditional African societies have been based on authority of chiefs who would make decisions upon various issues
The one-party system was most straightforward cheap and efficient which is what was needed due to the economic difficulties
It would create unity and was important for nationbuilding I was it was a way of avoiding ethnic divisions
In line with Marxist believes that a small group was needed to lead the masses that would insure the achievement of equality economic and social development goals

This would often however a lead lead to the abuse of power as it was sufficient to silence criticism. Leaders would rely on the army which led to army leader staging Cuz and establishing dictatorships and example is Mobutu in Congo

Question 31

Political challenges facing Congo

Question 32

Economic challenges facing Congo

Question 33

Social challenges facing Congo

Question 34

Benefits of independence. In the Congo

Question 35

Background of colonisation of Congo

Answer 35

Paternalism:
Congolese people could not own land; was subject to a curfew; had to pay high taxes; did force labour; and had no political rights; and their opposition was oppressed brutally. Catholic churches built missionary primary schools in which 56% of Congolese children attended but we’re not allowed to attend white secondary schools until 1950. By 1960 they were only 15 Congolese people that went to university. After World War I in effort to prevent the spread of nationalist ideas political parties and Independent newspapers were banned until the 1950s

History:
King Leopold the second of Belgium in 1878 was appointed by an explorer to acquire the territory for him on along the Congo river he came to amass personal fortune for himself based on Ivory and rubber. Elephants were hunted to near extinction, Leopold are you slave labour to strip the forest of wild rubber, villages have a fail fail to fulfil quarters were flog jailed or mutilated, many Congolese

Question 36

Events of Independence Of Congo

Answer 36

January 1959: the protest forced King Bouden of Belgium to agree to grant independence to Congo

By early 1960 about 120 political parties had been formed in Congo.

Belgium favourite provincial autonomy for Cortana in hopes of continuing colonisation: Katanga was cargoes richest province which had 60% of Congo is natural resources including vast copper mines, uranium, 10, magnesium, diamonds, and cobalt

22nd of May 1960: elections
137 seats were in the chamber of deputies were 120 parties participated. The M and C1 majority of seats which were 37 and was closely followed by the National party of progress. Lumumba managed to obtain support from 74 deputies to enable him to form a coalition government but it was weak and fragmented and compromise of 12 different parties. Remember became prime minister well Kasavubu became president.

Congo Became independent on the 30th of June 1960


Question 37

Civil War in Congo

Answer 37

Congo’s army Force Publique was still under control of Belgian officer corps. The commander General Janssens told the soldiers that things will stay the same

5 July 1960: FP soldiers mutinied do and demanded the dismissal of Jensen’s.
Appointed Sergeant Maputo to be a chief of staff of the army.
The army seize control of Leopoldville airport.

11 July 1960 Tshombe declared their independence and independence of Katanga from Congo.
Tshombe was the puppet of mining companies and the Belgian government
Belgians took effective control of Katanga, m

Lumumba requested military assistance from the United Nations. In 1960 16 July, they sent multinational force. But upon asking them to end Katanga’s and South Kasai’s secession they refused and hence asked USSR.

27 Aug ‘60: invasion.
5 Sept ‘60: Double dissmisal
14 Sept ‘60: Mobutu seized power

Question 38

Army in Congo during civil war

Answer 38

Congo’s army Force Publique was still under control of Belgian officer corps. The commander General Janssens told the soldiers that things will stay the same before and after independence.

5 July 1960: FP soldiers mutinied do and demanded the dismissal of Jensen’s. Remember this missed the officer and appointed Sergeant Maputo to be a chief of staff of the army. The army seize control ofLeopoldville airport, Lumumba suspected the Belgian government was trying to reimpose colonial rule.

Question 39

The murder of Lumumba→ corporations that wanted lumumba dead

Answer 39

Corporations agreed that it would be better if lumumba died:
14 July 1960→Belgian ambassador to NATO &
August 1960→ = prime objective
18 August 1960→pres. Eisenhower→ CIA→ eliminate lumumba
Sept 1960→ uk foreign office→ possibility of murder
14 Sept 1960 → Mobutu→ arrest of lumumba
21 sept 1960> CIA chief→ dispose of lumumba

Question 40

Murder of lumumba → process

Answer 40

1st Dec 1960 → arrested in Kasai en route to stanleyville (denied protection
→ un) and beaten
flown → leopoldville
→ detained in army prison @ Thysville

16 Jan 1961→ Belgian gov→ cumumba trans.
17 Jan 1961→ lumumba and minister and dep-pres. Of senate thysville → elisabethville→ tortured
→ taken by katangese and Belgian policemen→ shot by firing squad
→ CIA and M16 → complicit in the murder

18 Jan 1961→ Dug up and hacked into pieces by Belgian police and thrown into sulphuric acid
Sep 1951→ UN Sec General Hammarskjöld went to investigate and crashed en route
2001→ Belgian Gov admits responsibility

Question 41

Mobutu seizes power again→ status quo @the time of early 60’5→ OPP.

Answer 41

1963- 1964 →Status Que in Congo deteroriated= no effective gov→ lawlessness
Rebellion→ east Congo (Lumumba’s former stronghold)
Lost control of half of country
people’s republic of Congo in stanleyville
April_ November 1965 → Che Guevara→ Cuban guerrilla force→ lefist political gov in east Congo →National liberation council → Kabila = failure
USA and Belgium and SA→ mercenary army→regain control
End of cold war→ reduced western supp. for Mobutu
→ 1990: Mobutu forced to allow opp-pol act.
→ Kabila overthrew Mobutu→ died in 1997

Question 42

Mobutu seizes power again→ General changes

Answer 42

10 July 1964→ tshombe = prime minister→ Gov. Change
24 Nov 1965→ seizing of power → coup→ previous paid CIA agent
One party state established → mouvement populaire de la Revolution (mpr)
Ideology of Authenticite→ African cultural awareness→change City and country name→ drop European names and dress
Mobutism→ renamed himself= power → personality cult
Economic changes were effective at first→ from mid-1970’s = economic crisis → corrupt kleptocracy → socioeconomic crisis
End of cold war →collapse of Mobutu’s regime

Question 43

Mobutu seizes power → government changes

Answer 43

10 July 1964 →Tshombe=prime minister of Congo
One party state→ mouvement populaire de la révolution (mpr)
Eliminates OPP.→ political rivals
Ruled by decree→to make changes without legislation
Authenticité→ African culture awareness
Remaining cities and the country: . 1 June 1966 and October 1971
Leopoldville→ Kinshasa
Elisabethville→ Kisangani
Congo→ Zaire
1972 → Mobutu renamed himself→ personality cult = grand title

Question 44

Mobutu seizes power → economy

Answer 44

The policies were effective at first:
→inflation = halted
→currency-stable
→ debts were keptlow
→ western investors gave capital to dev. proje
Mid 1970’s→ economic disaster
→ copper priced down→ reducing Gov. Revenue
→massive inflation
→fuel shortages
→huge debts
→more loans
corrupt kleptocracy
→1973: 2000 foreign enterprises=private property
→1977-1981:$180m from Central Bank→personal account
→Acquired Lavish residences→$100m

:.=Economic Crisis
→hospitals closed → lack of equipment and medicine→disease and malnutrition
→Less usable roads networks
→USA still proved aid

Question 45

Tanzania→Background

Answer 45

→ demographic diversity= 125 ethnic groups and 100 languages
→Tanganyika →German Colony until 1918→ British colony till1947→under UN trust our mandate territory under British administration till 1961→ independence Dec 9 1961
→Zanzibar→British Colony till1963→Independent 10 Dec1963 under Sultan→Jan1964 African majority Revolt

→Tanzania→26 April 1964
→Slow Independence Process:
→1945→first African appointed to leg council→Tanganyika.
→Sep1958→First general elections→Tanganyika→30 Aug 1960→TANU all but one
→May 1960→ responsible government→Britain
→Nyerere= chief minister
→African replacements were trained
→ 9 Dec 1961→Independence from British commonwealth
→ 9 Dec 1962→ republic

Question 46

Nyarere’s Economic Changes

Answer 46

Arusha Declaration 7 Feb 1967→use socialist strategies to achieve national building, development and equality→build classless society
→national self-reliance→Development at rural levels first
→leadership code→civil servants and party officials could not be involved in business=limit corruption

African socialism Breakdowns→Urban industrial economy=decline in 1970’s
→300 State cooperations were overstaffed, inefficient=huge losses
→standards of living fell →income levels dropped 1975-1983
World Economic Crisis 1970s→spent 60%of export earnings on importing oil

= 1982 Nyerere admitted Economic issues
→ poorer than 1972
→ neither socialist nor self-reliant
→ polices prevented excesses of capitalism

Question 47

Nyavere social changes ujamma

Answer 47

Sep 1967: Socialism and rural development
→ ujamma (familyhood)→ collectivised villages→communally owned land
→hoped to achieve: improved agricultural productivity, give peasants access to modern cultivation techniques and equipment, providing better services, no unequal classes
→Problems: ujamma made slow progress
→1986:180 villages created
→1971:800k peasants lived in 3,2k ujamma villages
1973: Compulsory resettlement
Till 1979: 11m people resettled in 8k villages
=overcrowding, unproductive land, mismanagement, drought=shortages and fewer cash crops

Question 48

Nyerere educational achievements

Answer 48

→primary school enrolment increased to 95%
→adult literacy increased to75%
→clean water and clinics
→ life expectancy rose to 51 years
→ reduction of infant mortality rate
→ nyavere does not blame failures on policies but on the World bank (1988)

Question 49

Tanzania legacies of colonialism

Answer 49

1. Tanganyika: Germany, Britain & Zanzibar: Britain
2. Indirect rule: allowed some political activities
3. Artificial boundaries: not naturally unified
4. African nationalism: reaction against common experience Of colonialism but unity broke down Post colonialism
5. Resource poor: blessing and a curse
6. Smooth transition process

Question 50

Tanzanian Political challenges and successes

Answer 50

1. Political stability✅=Unity: clear majority supp for TANU + Br helped stabilise post-indep (legacy of col.) + unity as Tanzanians first + however Tanganyika Africa Rifles mutiny
2. Type of Gov: One Party State-African socialism (TANU has majority support anyway) freedom of expression. African socialism. Did get somewhat tyrannical
3. Role of Leader: Nyarere is known for integrity =Mwalimu
4. Role of Cold War: non alignment
5. Sucesses: 1967 Arusha Declaration - Leadership code-Self reliance

Question 51

Tanzanian Economic challenges and successes

Answer 51

• Nyerere anti-corruption for himself & govt
• Arusha Declaration (1967)
• Socialist – nationalised banks and industry • Many of these went bankrupt
• 1970 Ujamaa
• Collective farms [villagisation]
• Not properly prepared or explained 􏰀 no buy-in from the people • Villages that refused to move were burned 􏰀 opposition
• A massive failure: Tanzania totally dependent on food aid
• Abandoned by 1975
• Did increase textile production
• BUT: massive drop in exports
• Farmers had to sell crops to parastatals, who in turn sold to multi-nationals at low profit: capitalists were still in charge!
• Inefficient state marketing boards
• Became dependent on foreign aid

Question 52

Tanzanian Social challenges and success

Answer 52

Focus on provision of basic services successful
• Major advances in literacy (83%)…highest in Africa
• Universal education based on BOTH European & African models • “Education for self-reliance”
• Adult education + a focus on primary, basic education
• Advances in health care [rural clinics tripled]
• Created relative harmony between ethnic groups, which has persisted (unlike in most other African countries) 􏰀 unity & national identity
• Africanisation 􏰀 Swahili as national language; civil service placed in Tanzanian hands; pride in national arts and cultures

Question 53

Legacies of colonialism Congo

Answer 53

King Leopold/ Belgium
• Heavy exploitation of resources & people. Violent, murderous rule.
• Paternalistic
• Direct rule = banned political parties
• Tribalism entrenched
• Almost no Congolese professionals 􏰀 totally unprepared
• Belgium wanted to retain control as much as possible, so continued to interfere
• Resource rich country = became a pawn in the CW

Question 54

Political challenges and success Congo

Answer 54

1. Role of Leaders: Lumumba: face the people what they wanted. Dismissed Belgian officers, force of Hope of liberation against Post colonisation, mirror to political instability
2. Role of leaders: Mobutu: tool of Child War and takes advantage of army power. A dictator in every sense 32 years. Unable to bring stability but lowered variability
3. Type of gov: Tyrannical one party rule gov.

Question 55

ECONOMIC CHALLENGES & SUCCESSES of Congo

Answer 55

Resource rich BUT after indep unable to use this well. Economy based on exports, thus unstable
• Boom just after indep because western countries poured money in
• This collapsed with Mobutu’s corruption and a fall in the world
copper price.
• Mobutu nationalised industries, but had to borrow $ from foreign countries to run them
• Widespread mismanagement and corruption 􏰀 eventually had to return some farms and industries to private ownership
• Poor roads and railways, which the govt let deteriorate further
• Kleptocracy 􏰀 looted govt funds

• Zairianisation [small foreign businesses put into hands of Mobutu’s allies]
• Corruption from the highest to the lowest levels
• Ongoing political strife & wars further damaged the economy
• Became entirely dependent on foreign aid despite the richness of their resources

Question 56

SOCIAL CHALLENGES & SUCCESSES of Congo

Answer 56

Independence brought a new surge of art, music and literature • BUT
• Education:
• Colonial legacy of little education (only missionaries)
• put into the hands of govt, BUT few teachers and no money to improve schools.
• Only around 1⁄2 Congolese children received primary education
• State funding withdrawn under Mobutu 􏰀 few could afford schooling

• Africanisation & Authenticite:
• Discard all European names
• Also changed Congo to Zaire
• Priests who baptised children with western names could be arrested
• Banned western clothing
• All Europeans removed from civil service etc and replaced by often inexperienced and unqualified Congolese
• Mobutuism as the official ideology of Zaire 􏰀 Cult of Personality, rejected democracy as a foreign ideology

Question 57

How was African drawn into Cold War

Question 58

Impact of Cold War in Angola

Question 59

Angola: Quick summary of events

Answer 59

→Colonisation: Portugal »Source ID slaves till 19th century→forced labour at low wages, assimilado, under Salazar (1938-1968) declared as provinces of Portugal which shows no intention of allowing independence
→Resource rich: oil, diamonds, cotton, sugar, maize, coffee, fishing coastline
→Grievances: 1950’s tension: lOOK settlers came and refused to do manual labour, disenfranchisement, loss of land, forced labour, unfair treatment, low wages that kept Angolans in poverty which grew with African nationalism after World War Two
= Baixa de Cassanje. revolt→ start of war of Independence
=Three main groups fought a war of independence against Portugal 1961-1975.
= Combined cost of fighting wars and Conscription led to coups in Portugal→ Carnation Revolution =overthrown their people in April 1974→ independ.

→S Jan 1975- Alvor Accords between parties and colonial authorities=The parties would form coalition government with colonial authorities = 11 November
1975= did not last

→Angolan civil war
→(1975-1989) cold war phase =over half a million died and drew out war and Cuito Cuanavale→1988
New York accords= ceasefire between UNITA and MPLA in 1989→.Bicesse peace accord
→(mid 19805) two simultaneous wars
→ (1989-2002) Straightfoward civil war→ Sept 1992 Elections -MPLA victory but rejected by UNITA
→ assassination of savimbi = more lasting agreement