INCREASING VALENCY

Question 1

CAUSATIVES

Answer 1

1. the number of arguments is increased by one
2. a new A, i.e. the causer, is introduced
3. the original A becomes the causee and gets demoted to R
4. the original P stays P
5. extra (marking on the) verb to indicate the valency change

Question 2

CAUSATIVES - ISSUES

Answer 2

• lexical causatives
  
  • semantics of verb itself contains notion of causation
  • but NO productive grammatical “rule” to derive causative from non-causative
  • all languages have at least some lexical causatives
• analytic causatives
  
  • separate verb is introduced to express causation
• morphological causatives, e.g. Japanese (isolate, Japan) -
  
  • original verb is altered in a productive way typically by affixation BUT tone and vowel changes are possible too

Question 3

APPLICATIVES

Answer 3

1. the number of arguments is increased by one
2. an oblique (argument or adjunct) is promoted to P
3. the original A and P in a transitive clause stay A and P
4. the original S in an intransitive clause becomes A (transitive clause now!)
5. extra marking on the verb to indicate the valency change