Incorrect passmed incorrect again Flashcards
Compare the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the lacriminal apparatus?
Parasympathetic - via the pterygopalatine ganglion
Sympathetic - deep petrosal nerve carries post ganglionic sympathetic fibres
The sympathetic fibres do not synapse, but the parasympathetic ones synapse in pterygopalatine apparatus
What is most commonly used to sterilize endoscopic equipment?
Glutaraldehyde
It can cause hypersensitivity reactions
Name the 4 nerve groups found in posterior triangle of neck?
Accessory nerve
Phrenic nerve
Brachial plexus (all 3 trunks)
Cervical plexus branches (supraclavicular nerve, transverse cervical nerve, great auricular nerve, lesser occipital nerve)
Name the 2 vessels in posterior triangle of the neck?
External jugular vein
Subclavian artery
Which bone condition causes low calcium, low phosphate and raised ALP?
Deficiency of what causes this?
What is the name of this condition if it occurs in children?
Osteomalacia
Vit D deficiency
Rickets in children
What mnemonic is used to remember branches of posterior cord of brachial plexus?
STAR
Subscapular (upper and lower)
Thoracodorsal
Axillary
Radial
Which 2 types of breast cancer is Pagets disease of the nipple associated with?
DCIS or invasive carcinoma
Eczema of the nipple tends to affect the areolar region and spares the nipple, while pagets affects nipple first
Name the 2 most common locations for an ectopic testes to occur?
Superficial inguinal pouch
Base of the penis
Which bone of the hand do the ulnar nerve and artery lie adjacent to?
Pisiform bone
How should emergency presentations of poorly controlled colitis not responding to medical treatment be managed?
Sub total colectomy
Panprocolectomy (excision of rectum) has much higher morbidity and shouldnt be performed in emergency setting
At the renal hilum, what lies most anteriorly?
Renal vein
The ureter lies most posteriorly, with the artery in the middle of the two
Which nerve roots contribute fibres to the ansa cervicalis?
C1, C2, C3
What is the mechanism of action of atropine?
Inhibits vagal tone
Results in increased heartrate
Resection where in the GIT is most likely to increase risk of gallstone formation?
Ileal resection
Bile salt reabsorption occurs at the ileum
Therefore, cholesterol gallstones form as a result of ileal resection
What is a testicular mass felt seperate to the testis in a young boy most likely to be?
Rhabdomyoscarcoma
Most often arise in distal portion of spermatic cord and may invade surrounding structures
Arise from mesenchymal tissues
Compare management for retractile testis and completely impalpable testis?
Retractile testis - close observation and reassessment
Impalpable testis - laparoscopy
Testis should hahve descended by 3 months of age
Name the 4 substances released from Islets of Langerhan cells?
Pancreatic polypeptide (F cells)
Glucagon (alpha cells)
Somatostatin (delta cells)
Insulin (beta cells)
Compare what fissures the optic nerve and opthalmic nerve pass through?
Optic nerve = optic canal
Ophthalmic nerve = superior orbital fissure
Which splenic structure lies most posteriorly?
Lienorenal ligament
Why may patients develop urinary retention following colon resections?
The parasympathetic nerves to the pelvic organs can be damaged in left sided distal colonic dissection
Parasympathetic nerves allow contraction of the detrusor muscle
Sympathetic nerves allow relaxation of the detrouser muscle
What is the most likely lesion to occur at the cerebellopontine angle?
What cranial nerve is most likely to be affected?
Acoustic neuroma
Trigeminal nerve (CN V) most likely to be affected
What is the correct investigation to be done in suspected lymphoma?
Excision biopsy of a lymph node
What condition is suggested by delayed massage of meuconium?
What is first line investigation?
Hirschprung’s disease
Ix = Full thickness suction rectal biopsy
Which vessel does the thyroidea ima arise from?
Brachiocephalic artery
From what structure is the tunica vaginalis derived?
Peritoneum
Tunica vaginalis secretes fluid that fills hydrocele cavity
What does the cephalic vein penetrate before draining into the axillary vein?
Coracoid membrane - a continuation of the clavipectoral fascia
Then, the cephalic vein drains into axillary vein
